ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
675 
Spiral Diaphragm for Oblique Illumination. Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 
1881, pp. 126-7. 
Modified form of Nelson’s Lamp. Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1884, 
pp. 286-7. 
Amplifiers for the Microscope. Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1884, p. 607. 
Stepped Diagonal Rackwork. Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1885, pp. 958-9. 
Mechanical Stage. Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1885, p. 122. 
Jewelled Fine-Adjustment. Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1890, pp. 508-9. 
Carl Wilhelm von Naegeli.* — As the son of a country physician at 
Kilchberg near Zurich, Naegeli was originally intended for the medical 
profession, and for this purpose studied at the University of Zurich. 
His interest in medical matters, however, soon waned, and it was not 
long before he turned his attention to botany, in the study of which his 
progress was so rapid, that in 1840 he obtained his doctor’s degree at 
Zurich by a work on the Swiss Cirsiee. After a brief sojourn in Berlin, 
spent in the study of Hegel’s philosophy, Naegeli turned to Jena, where 
he became associated wtth Schleiden in editing the 1 Zeitschrift fur 
Wissenschaftliche Botanik.’ In that journal he published his important 
discovery of the spermatozoids of Ferns as well as of the Rhizocarpese, 
first explained the importance of the apical cell, and showed by examples 
the astonishing regularity in the growth of the cells of plants. J ourneys 
to Italy and England gave Naegeli opportunities for the study of marine 
Algae, which resulted in the appearance in 1847 of his work ‘ Die 
neueren Algensysteme und Yersuch zur Begriindung eines eigenen 
Systemes der Algen und Florideen,’ followed in 1849 by his £ Gattungen 
einzelliger Algen.’ 
Naegeli entered upon his academic career, first as Privatdocent and 
then as Professor at Zurich. From Zurich he soon received a “ call ” 
to Giessen, and in 1852 to Freiburg. The three years which he spent in 
the latter place were devoted to the work which was contained in the 
physiological researches published later in conjunction with Prof. 
Cramer : it included the exhaustive work on the starch-granules, and on 
the theory of intussusception. In 1855 Naegeli returned to Zurich as 
professor in the then recently opened Swiss Polytechnic School. In the 
summer of 1857 he received a call to the University of Munich, where 
his first work was to prepare plans for the Botanical Museum, for which 
purpose he made journeys to St. Petersburg and Paris. 
Amongst those who received instruction from NaegeliJ at Munich 
were Schwendener, Leitgeb, Engler, Brefeld, Prantl, Peter, and 
Dingier. The scientific work which lie next produced, including the 
important researches on the course of the vascular bundles, on the 
examination of microscopic objects in polarized light, and the classic 
treatment of the question of the formation of varieties and the laws of 
hybridization, soon led to his being regarded as the first of living 
botanists. It was in the winter of 1876-7 that he brought before the 
Aerzlicher Yerein in Munich a series of papers on the lower Fungi and 
their connection with infectious diseases ; in 1879 appeared the 
‘ Theorie der Garung,’ and in 1882 the ‘ Untersuchungen fiber niedere 
Pilze.’ Naegeli’s contributions to bacteriology met with great opposi- 
* Chiefly from a notice in the Miinchener Med. Wochenschrift, by H. B. 
