INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
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7. Surface. 
Seal-like, Radix siglllata. Having at certain distances 
scars resembling impressions of seals, these being the places 
where herbaceous stems have formerly grown. Polygona- 
tum vulgare. PI. 2, fig. 11, b. 
Bladdery, utriculosa. Having small bladders which 
appear to serve the purposes of leaves. Utricularia. 
Scaly, squamosa. These scales are abortive leaves. 
Lathrsea squamosa, Oxalis vulgaris. PL 2, fig. 10. 
Toothed, dentata. Furnished with appendages like 
teeth, which are abortive leaves. Cardamine amara, Adoxa* 
Dentaria pentaphylla. 
8. Duration. 
Annual, Radix annua. Dying with the year. 
Biennial, biennis. Lasting a second year. 
Perennial, perennis . Lasting more than two years. 
9. Growth. 
Perpendicular, Radix perpendicular is. The principal 
root growing right down into the ground. Daucus, Fraxi- 
nus, Quercus. 
Horizontal, fiorizonialis . Growing level with the ground. 
Iris, Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis vulgaris. PI. 2, fig. 4. 
Creeping, repens. Growing horizontally, but sending 
off shoots and stalks. Mentha, Achillea millefolia. PL 2, 
Jig. 4; pi. 8, fig. 9. 
Progressive, progrediens. Extending itself one way, and 
dying away in another part. Polygonatum vulgare, Bis- 
torta major, Anemone nemorosa, Allium nutans. PL 2. 
%. 2, 4, 11. 
Sucker-bearing, stolonifera. QEnanthe fistulosa, Fra- 
garia. 
Bulb-bearing, hdbifera. Having a bulb, or onion, at 
the top. Cepa esculenta, Hyacinthus. Pl. 2, fig. 8 ; pi. 3, 
fig. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
Sprouting, iurionifera. Bearing eyes or asparagi. Aspa- 
ragus officinalis, Solanum tuberosum. PL 2, fig. 2, 
