INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
54 * 
3 . Duration. 
Annual, Caulis annuus. From annual roots, and those 
biennials which do not throw up the stem till the second 
year. 
Perennial, perennis. The stem of trees, shrubs, and 
undershrubs. 
4 . Consistence. 
Woody, Caulis ligneus. Lasting many years, forming a 
solid wood. 
Herbaceous, herlaceus. Of a softer nature. 
Succulent, succulentus. Orobanche major, Sempervi- 
vum tectorum. 
Pithy, medullaris. Filled with pith. Helianthus animus* 
Sambucus humilis. 
Spongy, spongiosus. Filled with a compressible, elastic 
tissue, which retains moisture like a sponge. Typha lati~ 
folia, Zea Mays, Hypericum elodes. 
Solid, plenuSy solidus. Having no internal cavity. Zea 
Mays, Orchis maculata, Saccharum officinale. 
Hollow, fistulosus. Having in its middle, a cavity, either 
continued uninterrupted through the whole length, or 
parted in cells by midriffs. Equisetum, Gramineas, Orchis 
latifolia. Sonchus arvensis. 
5 . Form. 
Cylindrical, Caulis cylindricus , teres. Long, the trans- 
verse section being circular; nearly the same size throughout 
the greatest part of its length. Chenopodium spinaci- 
folium, Abies, Stramonium foetidum. 
Lengthened, virgatus. Long, straight-lined, and weak; 
growing narrower from the bottom to the top. Campanula 
esculenta, Reseda salicifolia, Althaea officinalis. 
Flagelliform, ftagelliformis. Thin, and supple like a 
thong. Vinca major, Clematis Vitalba, Eubus saxatilis. 
Melon-shaped, meloniformis . Cactus Melocactus, Eu- 
phorbia cucumerina. 
Compressed, compressus. Flattened on two opposite 
sides, Poa compressa, Cactus Opuntia. 
Two-edged, anceps . Compressed with two sharp edges 
like a dagger. Androssemum officinale. 
Leaf-like, phylloideus. Flattened and herbaceous like 
leaves. Cactus Phvllanthus, Platylobium scolopendrium. 
Obtuse-angled, ohtush angulatus. When it has angles 
which are obtuse. Salvia pratensis, Melissa officinalis. 
