INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
119 
Scarious, scariosum. The bracteas that form the invo- 
lucrum are thin, dry, semitransparent. Xeranthemum, 
Gnaphalium Staschas, G. dioichum. 
Squarrose, squarrosum. Composed of stiff bracteas, close 
together, the upper part bent back. Cnicus cemuus, Car- 
duus pycnocephalus, Cynara Cardunculus. 
Spinous, spinosum. The brae teas are armed with spines. 
Hippophasstuin vulgare, Silybum Marias, Onopordum vul- 
gare. 
Burlike, fish-hooked, lappaceum , kamosum. The bractese 
bend down at the tip like a fish-hook. Arctium. 
Involucelle. 
Involucellum . The braciece that are attached to umhellzdes , 
or the partial divisions of compound flowers that have an 
involucrum attached to the whole assemblage. 
Calycule. 
Calyculus. An involucrum that is attached to a single 
flower , and adheres by its base to the trice calyx. 
Collar. 
Collare. The involucrum of an umbel when composed of a 
single row of brae tew, placed in a whirl . 
Pericline. 
Common calyx, Periclinium, Calyx communis, Perigy- 
nandra communis, Periphorantium. The involucrum of a 
true compound flower , surrounding the clinantke. Compo- 
site. — The same as the involucrum calathidiflorum, men- 
tioned in the preceding page. 
Cupule. 
Cupula. An envelope containing the female flowers , never 
perfectly closed , and remaining attached to the fruit. 
One-flowered, Cupula uniflora. Ephedra, Taxus bae- 
cata, Pinus, Abies, Larix, Juniperus, Cupressus, Thuya, 
Corylus. 
Two-flowered, biflora. Fagus sylvatica. 
Three-flowered, triflora . Castanea vesca. 
IT Double, duplex . The inner woody, one-flowered; the 
exterior succulent, one or two-flowered, at first only a 
slight embossment, but grows larger, and assumes the form 
of a berry. Taxus baccata. 
