INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
195 
Hooked, lappaceum. Furnished with hooked points, 
like the involucrum of arctium lappa. Sanicula Europasa, 
Myosotis Cappula. 
Spinous, spinellosum , echinatum. Stramonium foetidum, 
iEschylus Hippocastanum, Cucumis prophetarum. 
4. Substance . 
Membranaceous, Pericarpium membranaceum. Salsola 
Tragus, Colutea. 
Paperlike, chartaceum . Anagallis phcenicia, Cerefolium 
sylvestre, Coriandrum. 
Leatherlike, coriaceum. Flelianthus annuus, Trapa na- 
tans, Lupinus, Arachis hypogosa. 
Crustaceous, crustaceum. Dry, thin, and brittle. Pas- 
serina. 
Woody, lignosum. Lecythis, Cassia Fistula, Hymensea 
Courbaril. 
Corky, suberosum , fungosum. iEthusa cynapium, Ra- 
phanus sativus. 
Pulpy, pulposum . Ribes, Vitis, Rubus. 
Fleshy, carnosum . Mai us. 
Valves. 
Valvse, Valvulae. The pieces composing the sides of 
some pericarps , which open when ripe , and separate. PI. 16, 
fig. 8, 14, 15 and 29. 
Longitudinal, Valvce longitudinales. The suture perpen- 
dicular to the base of the pericarp. Cheiranthus fruticu- 
losus, Ruellia ovata. 
Transverse, transverscE. The suture parallel to the base 
of the pericarp. Anagallis arvensis, Hyoscyamus. 
Re-entering, inirojlexce. Edges bent inwards towards 
the centre of the pericarp. Oolchicum, Rhododendrum. 
Re-entering conjointly, conjunctim introflexce. The 
contiguous re-entering valves united together in that part 
which • penetrates within the pericarp. Rhododendron 
Ponticum . 
Re-entering distinctly, d is t i n dim- inirojlexce. The con- 
tiguous re-entering valves not united together in that part 
which penetrates into the pericarp. Colchicum. 
Parting, bipartibiles. Splitting when they open into two 
parts lengthways. Veronica, Digitalis speciosa, Nicotiana. 
-—These bipartible valves are evidently composed of two 
VOL. i. o 
