LICHEN OPORA. 
247 
species, Z. turhinata and Z. crispa, both from the Falunian of 
the Manche, and Z. cretacea from the Maastrichtian of Meudoii 
and Maastricht. 
The first-named species is Z. turhinata ; it is the only species 
figured by JDefrance (Atlas, pi. of fossils, fig. 4), and d’Orbigny 
(Bry. Cret. p. 963) expressly selected that species as the type of 
the genus. 
That species was well figured, e.g. by Michelin ; has a turbinate 
zoarium, and has the apertures in elliptical radial bundles, and not 
in single radial lines. Hence the common recent species verrucaria 
(Tabr.) or novcezelanm (d’Orb.) are wrongly referred to Lichenopora. 
They belong to JDiscocavea of d’Orbigny. Zoologists may think 
that the genus Lichenopora is so well known that to alter the 
name of the recent species is inconvenient ; but many zoologists, 
such as Busk,^ have rejected Lichenopora as applicable to the 
recent species. The number of fossil species is larger than of 
recent species, and there seems no adequate reason for departing 
from the rules of nomenclature in this case. 
Radiocavea^ d’Orbignjq should be merged in Lichenopora. It 
was founded by d’Orbigny, and, according to him, the one 
difference is Radiocavea is “entierement fixe, rampante dans 
toutes ses parties.” This distinction does not seem to me adequate, 
especially as d’Orbigny placed the form sellula, Hag., id. Radiocavea, 
although it is sub-pedunculate. 
H’Orbigny expressly remarked^ that he restricted the name 
Lichenopora to ‘‘ Biyozoaires coniques, fixes par la pointe du cone,” 
and assigned to the genus two Eocene species. 
The generic name Befrancia has been widely applied to these 
fossils. That name was founded by Bronn in 1825 ^ ; but his type, 
indeed the only species he mentions, was Befrancia cliypeata of 
Laraouroux, which is the same species as Apsendesia cristata, 
which in 1821 had been made the type of Lamouroux’s genus 
Apsendesia.^ Befrayicia has, therefore, necessarily to be abandoned, 
as a synonym of Apsendesia. 
' Busk. B.M. Cat. Mar. Polyzoa, vol. iii. pp. 30, 32. 
2 D’Orbigny. “ Cours ]^lementaire de Paleontologie,” 1852, vol. ii. p. 110. 
3 H. G. Bronn. System der urweltl. Pflanzenth., 1825, pp. 13, 42, pi. iv. 
figs. 7«-c. 
^ Lamouroux. Expos. Meth. Polyp. 1821, p. 82. 
