122 
THE SEAWEEDS 
individuals bearing tetraspores, the diplobiontic type. The haplobiontic 
Euflorideae all belong to the order Nemalionales with one exception, viz., 
one species of the genus Liagora , a member of this order in which the goni- 
moblasts produce carpospores and tetraspores. 
To produce any phylogenetic classification of the Reds, Kylin and his 
school have shown that it is essential to take into account the nature and 
formation of the auxiliary cell and the method in which the developing 
gonimoblast derives nourishment from the mother-plant. Schmitz, as early 
as 1883, pointed out that sporogenous filaments of the Rhodophyceae con- 
nect themselves with nutritive cells in the mother-plant, and called these 
auxiliary cells, but later Kylin (1928) pointed out that these are really 
of two types, the first being purely nutritional in function and the others 
serving both as food suppliers and as the starting point of the gonimoblasts, 
and it is to this latter group that he restricts the term typical auxiliary 
cells. These are found in the orders (Kylin classification throughout) 
Cryptonemiales, Gigartinales, Rhodymeniales, and Ceramiales, but they are 
lacking in the orders Nemalionales and Gelidiales, where they are replaced 
by various cells of the purely nutritive types. Within the different orders 
various modifications of the typical life-cycles of Nemalion and Polysiplionia 
do occur, and briefly they can be listed as below : — 
Nemalionales. — The gonimoblast derives all its food from the mother- 
plant via the carpogonial branch (see life-cycle of Nemalion) and 
is connected to the mother-plant only through this branch. 
Gelidiales. — Before fertilization many food-storing filaments are 
developed, and these loosely twine around the central cells of the 
procarps. The gonimoblasts grow (out) directly from the fer- 
tilized carpogonium and obtain their nutritive material from these 
food-containing filaments. The Gelidiales belong to the diplo- 
biontic Euflorideae. 
Cryptonemiales, Gigartinales, Rhodymeniales, Ceramiales. — The 
gonimoblast never develops from the fertilized carpogonium, but 
the zygote connects itself in some way or other with a cell in the 
mother-plant and the gonimoblast develops from this, i.e., the 
typical auxiliary cell of Kylin (see life-cycle of Polysiplionia) 
after the diploid nucleus has migrated into it. The carpogonial 
branch plays no part in food transference. 
Kylin has shown that one of four types of typical auxiliary cell may be 
produced in the Rhodophyceae. These are: — 
(1) The Dumontia Type. — The auxiliary cells appear in special acces- 
sory branches which are developed prior to fertilization. This 
type is characteristic of the order Cryptonemiales. In the lower 
forms, e.g., Dumontia , Dudresnaya , and Grateloupia long con- 
necting filaments transfer the diploid nucleus from the carpo- 
gonium to a number of auxiliary cells remote from the carpo- 
gonium. In the higher forms, e.g., Kallymenia and CaUophyllis 
the carpogonium and auxiliary cells form a unit which is called 
