THE MANIHJIIJLAR AND HYOID MUSCLES OF MAMMALS. 019 
in wliicli animal Toldt described the M. styloideus’ as 
arising from the stylo-hyale close to its cranial end.‘^ This 1 
can confirm (vide fig*. 38) ; it arises from the upper end of the 
stylo-hyale and from the latero-hyale, lapping' round the inser- 
tion of the levator hyoidei.^ 
Comparison of this adult condition with stages 47 and 50 
(fig. 37) shows that the origin of the muscle has spread 
slightly up the li 3 'oid bar. The muscle also arises from the 
stylo-h\"ale in Manis pen tad act}" la (fig. 43). 
It is doubtful whether this primitive condition exists in any 
Mammals other than these two. It is true that Kohlbrugge 
described the posterior belly of the digastricus as arising from 
the styloid process in the Marsupials, C use us oriental is 
and maculatus, Paradox ur us her rn aph rodita, and 
Macropus brunii. But in Cuscus maculatus, Bijvoet 
described and figured the posterior digastric as arising from 
the paroccipital process — an occurrence which suggests that in 
the specimen examined b}" Kohlbrugge the condition was one 
of division of a posterior digastric s. hyoid ventral constrictor 
into dorsal and ventral portions (vide pp. 617, 618), of which 
only the ventral was described. Tlie same explanation possibly 
applies to the other Marsupials described by Kohlbrugge. 
-^A condition intermediate between that of Echidna and the 
usual one of attachment to the skull is present in Ornitho- 
rhynchus, where Toldt described the muscle as arising from 
the stylo-hyale and hinder wall of the cartilaginous external 
auditory meatus.^ 
^ I emplo}" the nomencTuture of Sclmlmaii. Toldt names the muscle 
the stylohyoideus,” — a terminology suggesting a homology with the 
“ stylohyoideus ” of the pig and rabbit, which is developed from the 
ventral part only of the hyoid ventral constrictor (vide pp. 617, 618). 
- Bijvoet described the muscle as arising “ unmittelbar hinter dem 
jiusseren Gehbrgaiige.” 
2 No representative of a possible upper portion of the muscle was 
present. 
Bijvoet described it as arising “ von der Schiidelbasis und empfangt 
accessorische Urspriinge vom iiusseren Gehorganges.” Schulman did 
not state its origin. 
