PI. ex. cal. 
42. RUBIACEJE. 253. Galium. 485 
Root fibrous ; stem 3 feet high, brittle ; peduncles axil- 
lary and terminal, simple or 2-cut; corolla white, small. — 
Branches used as a sieve to strain milk ; a favourite food of 
young geese; juice antiscorbutic; seeds roasted for coffee. 
] 4. Galium boreale. Northern cheese-rennet . 
Stem upright, rough; leaves 4 in a whirl, lanceolate, 
3-ribbed, bald ; fruit hispid, rather scaly. 
MoTlugo montana erecta quadrifolia, Raii Syn. 224,3, 
Galium boreale, Lin. S. P. 156. 
Crosswort madder. 
Alpine rocks ; perennial ; July. 
Root creeping ; leaves unequal ; panicle 3-forked ; corolla 
milkwhite. 
IV. 254. RUBIA. Pliny. Madder. 
Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla bellsliaped, spread out, 4 or 
5-lobed ; stamens 4 or 5 ; fruit fleshy, bald, rather round. 
1. Ruhia tinctorum. Dyers' madder. 
Stem rough ; leaves annual, usually 6 in a whirl ; corolla 
usually 4-cut; lobes oblong, rather callous. 
Rubia tinctorum, Raii Syn. 223, 2; Ger. em. 1118, 1 : Lin. S. P. 158. 
Rubia major sativa, sive hortensis, Park. 274. 
Red madder. 
Cultivated; perennial; May to August. 
Root red ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, rough above ; calyx 
scarce any. — Root emmenagogue ; dyes a fine red colour. 
2. Rubia peregrina . Foreign madder. 
Stem rough ; leaves perennial, 4 or 6 in a whirl, ellipti- 
cal; above smooth, shining; corolla 5-cut; lobes mucronate, 
awned. 
Rubia sylvestris aspera, quae sylvestris Dioscoridis, Raii Syn. 223, 1. 
Rubia minima, Ger, em. 1 120, 6. 
Rubia syfvestris, Park. 274. 
Rubia peregrina, Lin. S. P. 158. 
Rubia Anglica, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1, 54. 
Rubia tinctorum 1, With. Bot.Arr. 193. 
Wild madder. Six-leaved madder. 
Dunghills and fields ; perennial; June and July. 
Root creeping ; stem branched, trailing, perennial; leaves 
dark green; panicles forked, terminal; corolla yellowish. 
