— 54 — 
Cladonia fur- 
cat a (Huds.) 
Schrad. Spicil. FI. 
Germ. 107. 1794. 
Fig. 1. 
Primary thal- 
lus usually dis- 
appear i n g , but 
when present com- 
posed of medium 
sized squamules, 
which are cren- 
ately or irregularly 
lobed o r rarely 
subentire. .2-5 
mm. long and 
Fig. 1. Cladonia furcata X 1. wide, ascending 
or flat, scattered or clustered, sea-green varying toward brownish or 
whitish above and white below, the cortical layer continuous. Podetia 
arising from the surface of the evanescent squamules, the lower por- 
tion dying away and the apical growth continuing, 15-85 mm. long and .7-2 
mm. in diameter, cylindrical or subcylindrical, rarely scyphiform, dichoto- 
mously or more or less irregularly or radiately branched, erect or rarely 
decumbent or even prostrate, rarely somewhat sorediate, the cortex continu- 
ous, subcontinuous or more or less dispersed, smooth or rarely subrugose, 
sometimes more or less squamulose. sea-green varying toward whitish or 
brownish, the branches suberect, divaricate or recurved, the axils somewhat 
dilated and frequently perforated, the apices suberect or recurved, slender 
and delicate. Apothecia small, .5-1.5 mm. in diameter, irregularly or 
cymosely disposed at the apices of the branches, immarginate, sometimes 
lobate or reniform, convex and rarely perforate at the centre, brown varying 
toward brick-red or a paler color. Hypothecium pale. Hymenium brown- 
ish above and cloudy below. Paraphyses commonly thickened and brownish 
toward the apex. Asci clavate or cylindrico-clavate, the apical wall not 
always thickened. 
Widely distributed in North America in one form or another, most of the 
material, however, being assignable to one of the varieties below. Plants 
not belonging to the varieties are frequent enough where I have collected in 
parts of Iowa and Minnesota. The plant used for illustration and exam- 
ined by Dr. Wainio was collected at Fayette, Iowa. Macoun’s “Canadian 
Lichens,” No. 53, belongs here and not in the variety below. Cosmopolitan 
also in its foreign distribution. The form figured was sent out as the species 
in my “Iowa Lichens” of 1894-5, and may be found in a large number of 
American and European herbaria. 
