— 57 — 
Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. var. palamaea (Ach.) Wainio Mon. Clad. 
Univ. 1 :347. ±887. 
Podetia usually dichotomously or subradiately-ramose branched, cylin- 
drical and frequently somewhat thickened toward the axils, sometimes 
squamulose toward the base, chestnut-colored or brick-red, or olivaceous 
varying toward sea-green toward the base. Apothecia as usual. 
Dr. Wainio says, “ Verisimiliter etiam in America septentrionali dis- 
tributaest (var. subulata Tuck., Syn. North Am. p. 248 pr. p.),” thus leaving 
some doubt as to whether this form of the species is North American. How- 
ever, Wainio has determined what he regards a subvariety from Minnesota. 
This is given next below, and I shall regard it as a distinct variety till I have 
an opportunity of examining specimens of the above, or am able to see more 
of resemblance than appears in the two descriptions. 
Cladonia fltrcata (Huds.) Schrad. var. paradoxa (Wainio) Fink Minn. 
Bot. Stud. 3:217 . 1903. Plate VII, Fig. 5. 
Podetia rather short, 10-40 mm., and .7-1.5 mm. in diameter, scyphi- 
form, brownish or olivaceous-brown above and sometimes sea-green toward 
the frequently sparsely squamulose base. Cups 2-3 mm. in diameter and 
quite abruptly dilated, the cavities perforate or subcribose, irregularly sub- 
lacerate-proliferate, the proliferations forming two or three ranks and even 
the highest rank commonly scyphiform. Apothecia not conspicuously 
clustered, often perforate, or lobate, brown, convex, immarginate, quite 
common at least in ours. 
Determined by Dr. Wainio from northern Minnesota, where frequent 
on old wood or thin earth. Otherwise only known in Europe. Seems very 
near to the first variety' of Cladonia crispata, below, from which it may be 
distinguished readily by the difference in color and some features of the 
primary squamules, which are more commonly persistent* in Cladonia cris- 
pata. 
Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Fit. Merkw. Flecht. Hirschb. 4. 1839. 
Primary thallus persistent or finally dying, composed of middling sized 
digitate-laciniate or crenate squamules, which are 1-4 mm. long and wide, 
ascending, flat or involute, scattered or rarely clustered and forming a com- 
pact crust, lighter or darker sea-green or even olivaceous-brown above and 
white or brownish below or even reddish below toward the base, the cortex 
continuous. Podetia arising from the surface of the squamules, the base 
often dying away and continuing to grow above, 10 to 75 or possibly 100 
mm. in length and. 5 to 5 mm. in diameter, subcylindrical or irregularly 
turgescent or even trumpet-shaped, radially or sympodially branched, the 
branches suberect or spreading, the axils commonly somewhat dilate-open, 
the cortex subcontinuous or dispersed-areolate and the areoles frequently 
mo^re or less raised, sometimes more or less squamulose, sea-green or vari- 
ously whitish, reddish, brownish or olivaceous, most commonly scyphiform, 
the ultimate branches also scyphiform, or obtuse or subulate. Cups 
abruptly dilated and frequently perforate, borne at the apices of the 
♦ branches, repeatedly proliferate at the margin, the species probably not 
