— 86 — 
Regarding the known distribution of Cladonia verticillata , we shall be 
able to make more definite statements than have been given concerning most 
of the Cladonias disposed of in previous papers. This is due to the fact that 
collectors and students have usually found the plant, and have not confused 
it with others so frequently as many other Cladonias. Indeed, one may 
depend on the lists of species published in the various states, for the distri- 
bution of this species, with a considerable degree of certainty. Yet we shall 
depend upon material actually seen, or the lists of a few lichenists of unques- 
tionable ability. However, it is always unfortunate that a large amount of 
material in various herbaria can not be examined for the sake of additions to 
distribution. Finally, the forms of the species are not so numerous as in 
many Cladonias , and it is hoped that with the figures and the descriptions 
to follow, students of the Cladonias will have little further trouble with this 
species, except possibly the last two varieties, which are very rare. These 
we can not figure. 
Cladonia verticillata Hoffm. Deutschl. FI. 2 : 122. 1796. Plate XI. 
Fig. 1. 
Primary thallus commonly persistent, composed of irregularly subcu- 
neate, crenately lobed, or even incised-lobate, flat or somewhat involute, 
ascending, clustered or scattered, medium sized or larger squamules, which 
are 1.5-7. 5 mm - long and wide, sea-green above or more commonly varying 
toward ashy, olivaceous or brownish, below white or darkening toward the 
base. Podetia arising from the lower margin of the squamules, 3-55 mm. 
long and .5-3.5 mm. in diameter, tubeaform or more rarely turbinate, sub- 
solitary or clustered into small patches, erect or rarely ascending, subcon- 
^tinuous, grooved or areolate, with areoles usually closely contiguous, 
-destitute of squamules, or rarely more or less squamose toward the base of 
"the podetia or at the margins of the cups, sea-green varying toward ashy, 
yellowish, brownish, or olivaceous or these colors variegated, the narrow 
decorticate portions between the areoles white or rarely reddish, scyphiform. 
Cups medium sized or large, 2.5-9 mm. in diameter, usually abruptly dilated, 
shallow, the bottom closed or rarely cribrose, the margin subentire or den- 
tate, commonly proliferous from the cavity of the cup, the proliferations one 
to several and the ranks usually two to five, the lowest rank about 20 mm- 
long. Apothecia small or medium-sized, .5-2.5 mm. in diameter, rounded 
or irregular, sometimes perforate, sessile on the margins of the cups, or 
^short-pedicellate, flat and thinly margined or becoming convex and immar- 
•ginate, paler or darker brown. Hypothecium pale or cloudy. Hymenium 
commonly pale below and brownish above. Paraphyses simple or rarely 
branched, commonly thickened and brownish toward the apex. 
Found on various soils, both in shaded and open places, and frequently 
on thin soil over rocks or on decaying wood. Generally distributed through- 
out North America, except perhaps the extreme north and south ; but more 
common or larger northward or in the mountains southward. Examined 
from several localities in New England and New York, and from Pennsyl- 
