— 88 — 
Mon. Clad. Univ. 2:197. 1894, has occurred in Greenland. This is a smaller 
plant with shorter podetia, smaller squamules, one-or-two-ranked, and with- 
out squamules or proliferations on the podetia or the margins of the cups. 
We judge from Wainio’s description that it is perhaps but an immature con- 
dition of var. cervicornis, and shall give it no separate description here. 
Cladonia verticillata abbreviata Wainio Mon. Clad. Univ. 2:197. 1894. 
Primary thallus persistent, composed of smooth, laciniate, medium-sized 
squamules, which are 2-4 mm. long. Podetia arising from the upper sur- 
face or rarely from the margins of the squamules, about 1-1.5 mm. long and 
.3-5 mm. in diameter, without cups and always terminated by apothecia, 
simple and without squamules, the cortex subcontinuous or rarely becoming 
areolate. Apothecia small, about 1-1.5 mm. in diameter, solitary or rarely 
aggregated at the summit of the podetium, flat and indistinctly margined 
by an exciple, or becoming convex and immarginate, brown or blackish 
brown. 
On sandy earth. Wainio bases the variety upon material sent from 
New Bedford, Mass., by Henry Willey, and states that it passes into the 
normal form of the species. This variety is not known elsewhere, and I have 
not been able to examine it. However, if found elsewhere, there will be no 
difficulty in distinguishing it as it will probably occur in same environment 
with one of the better known forms of the species. 
Cladonia gracilis , being the species with which the forms of Cladonia 
verticillata have sometimes been placed and with which they are easily 
confused, it has been thought best to give Plate. XI, Fig. 3, Harper’s excel- 
lent photograph of an average form from Isle Royale. The description will 
appear in the next paper of this series, and it is only necessary in closing 
this one, to give a few of the points of differences in the two species. In Cla- 
donia gracilis , squamules are to be looked for anywhere on the podetia, while 
in Cladonia, verticillata , they occur only at the base or on the margins of the 
cups. As a whole the podetial squamules are quite rare in the latter species, 
but common enough in the former. Also in the latter the proliferations are 
almost always from the central portions (or cavity) of the cup, while in the 
former they are nearly always from the margins. Without further differ- 
entiation, these may be regarded as the “ear marks” by which the two 
species may be distinguished. Other differences are less marked and are 
difficult to bring out even in the best descriptions. 
Dr. Harper used excellent judgment in selecting and placing his speci- 
mens for photographing. It will be noted that they are all fruited, and it is 
to be hoped that the areoles and the decorticate lines between them will 
come out in the figures as well as they do in his likeness of var. evoluta. 
Grinnell, Iowa. 
