— io6 — 
b. Th. much as in the last but often granular. Dk. about .5-1. mm. 
broad, redish to dark brown; th. ex. rather thin, entire or crenulate. 
Sp. as in the last but mic. On bark, dead wood and rocks. 
Lecanora subfusc a. 
c. Th. areolate verraculose, pale -greenish, yellowish or whitish. Dk. 
about .2-.8 mm. broad, pale yellowish, buff or ochraceous-brown; th. 
rather thin, entire or crenulate. Sp. as in the last but mic. On 
bark, dead wood and rocks Lecanora varia. 
The End. 
Cambridge, Mass. 
SOME COMMON ERRORS. 
Edward B. Chamberlain. 
Several times during the past year I have noticed that some of the mem- 
bers of the Sullivant Moss Chapter were abusing the assistance given them 
by professional bryologists. Usually, the fault was in the misuse of the 
words “determined by,” when sending out specimens offered through the 
BRyOLOGIST. 
I have , recently received from Chapter Members mosses which were 
labelled as named by this or that specialist, when the date of the collection 
and the often undried condition of the material made it impossible for the 
specialist to have seen either the specimen or even a duplicate of it. Further 
inquiry showed the facts to be somewhat as follows : A, collected a moss, 
and sent it to B, who determined it. Then A, wishing to offer it to the Chap- 
ter, and not having on hand a sufficient quantity, went to the spot where he 
previously found the moss, or where he now thinks he found it, secured more 
material which looked like the same thing, and distributed this last, label- 
ling it “ detr. B,” although B had actually seen none of the second collec- 
tion. This second collection may have been the same as the first, but it very 
probably was not. Under any circumstances it was very unjust and discour- 
teous to the person naming the original collection to make him sponsor for 
the second. It is really a forgery of his determination. 
To avoid such errors the following rule should be adhered to in the use of 
the words “determined by” or “verified by.” Never under any circum- 
stances mark a specimen as determined by another person than the collector 
unless that person has actuallv seen either the specimen itself or a true dupli- 
cate of it. In the latter case it is very much better to use the words “ dupli- 
cate determined by.” In such a case as that outlined above, the specimens 
must be marked as determined by the collector, for nobody else had any- 
thing to with them. 
In this connection it may be well to explain what a duplicate is. By 
duplicates in mosses are meant, strictly speaking, specimens of the same 
species, collected in the same locality, upon the same substratum, by the 
same person and on the same date. The strictness with which this is to be 
interpreted depends to some extent upon the species of moss in question. 
In the case of such genera as Ulota or Grimmia , or of certain of the 
