65- 
was to be seen. Near to the water’s edge were the long stems of the 
capsules surmounted by their brown tufts of elaters. Then farther 
and farther back from the water were all lengths of stems of capsules 
back to the little sporogonia that had not as yet pushed out from 
under their protecting involucres and seemed to have no intention of 
leaving winter quarters. But all the thalli showed new growth. New 
shoots had developed at the edges of the old plants, and on many of 
these the antheridial dots were already evident to the naked eye. 
These new plants were so tender and delicate that it was very difficult 
to remove the dirt particles without utterly destroying the specimens. 
They gave great trouble in the imbedding process, either by shrink- 
ing. or by curling up and folding together, so that when they were 
finally in place in the hard paraffine it was nearly impossible to cut 
a good longitudinal section. However, patience and perseverance 
made it possible to get some satisfactory sections which showed vari- 
ous stages in the development of the antheridia. Fig 29 represents a 
nearly median longitudinal section through the growing point and 
shows four stages of antheridial development, the most immature be- 
ing near the growing point. The farther away from the growing point 
they are found the more maturity of development they will have. 
In regard to the development of the antheridia, Campbell says ^ 
that each arises from a single superficial cell (Figs. 10 & 10a) which 
first divides into a stalk cell and the antheridium mother cell (fig 11). 
The stalk later becomes multicellular, while the antheridium mother 
cell is divided into two equal parts by the formation of a vertical wall 
(fig, 12). ^ “Next in each of these, two walls arise intersecting each 
other as well as the median wall and divide each half of the antherid- 
ium into three cells, two peripheral ones and a central one. The per- 
ipheral ones do not reach to the top of the antheridium and next a 
periclinal wall is formed near the top of the central cells by which a 
third peripheral cell is formed in each half of the antheridium, which 
now consists of two central cells and six peripheral ones.” “The 
latter ^ divide only a few times**.’’ “The inner cells give rise to a 
very large number of sperm cells.” 
Only a few of the stages of development of the antheridia were 
found in this material, but these few were found repeatedly in all the 
material gathered in April and May. Figs. 10 and 10a show the cell 
from which the antheridium is to develop, plainly distinguished by its 
large nucleus and the deepness of the stain. Fig. 11 shows the two- 
celled stage with the stalk cell and the antheridium mother cell having 
a large nucleus and taking a deep stain. Fig. 12 shows the first di- 
vision of this antheridium mother cell into two cells by means of a 
vertical wall. No other stages were found until the more advanced 
one in which the central group of cells, which by division will form 
1. D. H. Campbell, 1. c. pp. 16, 92 and 85. 2. 1. c. p. 85. 3. I. c. p. 16. 
