Contents 
Nicotine Content of Tobacco Vs. FTC Yield 95 
Quantitating Nicotine Intake in Smokers 95 
Cotinine Levels and Nicotine Intake 98 
Ultralow-Yield Cigarettes 101 
Nicotine Intake and Machine-Determined Yield 102 
Carbon Monoxide and FTC Yield 104 
Tar-to-Nicotine Ratio 104 
Conclusions 106 
Question-and-Answer Session 108 
References 110 
Acknowledgments Ill 
Chapter 8. Pharmacology and Markers: Nicotine 
Pharmacology and Addictive Effects 113 
Introduction 113 
Cigarette Smoking as Drug Dependence 113 
Nicotine Delivery Systems 115 
Nicotine's Effects 116 
Smoking and Nicotine Dose 119 
A Proposal for More Meaningful Cigarette Labeling 122 
Question-and-Answer Session 122 
References 124 
Chapter 9. Consumer/Smoker Perceptions of Federal 
Trade Commission Tar Ratings 127 
Introduction 127 
Tar Level of Cigarettes 127 
Knowledge of Advertised Tar Numbers 128 
Smokers' Interpretations of Tar Numbers 130 
Smokers' Use of Advertised Tar Numbers 132 
Conclusions 132 
Question-and-Answer Session 132 
Reference 
134 
