Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 7 
Question-and-Answer Session 53 
References 56 
Chapter 5. Cigarette Smoke Components and Disease: 
Cigarette Smoke Is More Than a Triad of Tar, 
Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide 59 
Introduction 59 
Mainstream Vs. Sidestream Cigarette Smoke 59 
Major Health Effects of Cigarette Smoke 60 
Cancer 61 
Noncancerous Lung Diseases 62 
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 63 
Cigarette Smoking and Human Reproduction 65 
Absolute Risk Vs. Relative Risk 66 
Tar, Nicotine, Carbon Monoxide, and Other 
Smoke Constituents 66 
Smoke Constituents, Cigarette-Related Disease, 
and Modified Labeling of Cigarettes 67 
Question-and-Answer Session 70 
References 72 
Acknowledgment 75 
Chapter 6. The Changing Cigarette and Disease Risk: 
Current Status of the Evidence 77 
Introduction 77 
Epidemiologic Evidence on the Changing Cigarette 
and Disease Risks 79 
Conclusions 86 
Question-and-Answer Session 87 
References 91 
Chapter 7. Biomarkers of Cigarette Smoking 93 
Introduction 93 
Use of Various Biomarkers 93 
Nicotine Absorption From Cigarettes 93 
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