Chapter 5 
cigarette smoke constituents, including various filter designs, changes in 
paper porosity, mixing of tobacco species, and the use of reconstituted 
tobacco sheets and expanded tobacco. However, all these methods do not 
reduce every smoke constituent uniformly. For example, perforated filter 
tips selectively reduce the volatile and gaseous components of cigarette 
smoke, whereas reconstituted tobacco sheets reduce BaP and tar but not 
acrolein or acetaldehyde. Likewise, as reported by Hoffmann and coworkers 
(this volume), the increased hurley tobacco content (and with it, the nitrate 
content) of at least one marketed cigarette resulted in an increase in the 
delivery of NNK, a tobacco-specific nitrosamine, over the course of three 
decades. 
In a study of cigarette brands sold in the United Kingdom from 1983 
through 1990, Phillips and Waller (1991, p. 469) concluded that, "with the 
exception of nitrogen monoxide, which is strongly dependent upon the 
type of tobacco, and the delivery of some phenols and PAHs, which may 
be affected to a minor extent by the design of cigarette," the three routinely 
monitored smoke components (tar, nicotine, and CO) provided "an adequate 
guide" to the yields of the other chemical entities examined. However, as 
the foregoing review of cigarette smoke constituents and disease suggests, 
the exceptions may prove the rule. It would be unscientific to claim that 
the absolute human risk or even the relative risk of a particular brand of 
cigarettes is lower merely because, on average, everything but TSNAs, phenols, 
and PAHs seems to be lower. With phenols and related flavorant compounds 
implicated in smoke-induced chromosomal damage Qansson et al., 1988), 
it would seem that, at minimum, biological testing would be warranted. 
As discussed elsewhere in this volume, the yields of nicotine and carbon 
monoxide are significantly influenced by the smoker's style or "topography" 
of smoking, including number of puffs, interval between puffs, velocity and 
volume of each puff, depth of draw, length of cigarette smoked, depth of 
inhalation into the lungs, and other factors. It is possible that these 
differences in smoking topography might selectively influence the yields 
of some smoke chemicals more than others. Fischer and colleagues (1989) 
found that TSNA yields depended on the total volume of smoke inhaled 
by the smoker and that total smoke volume was increased for smokers 
of low- and medium-tar cigarettes. Studies of smokers' exposure to specific 
carcinogenic compounds (e.g., by measurement of PAH adducts to DNA) do 
not always show a relationship between exposure and self-reported smoking 
intensity (Santella et al., 1992). 
SMOKE CONSTITUENTS, Henningfield and colleagues (1994) recently proposed 
CIGARETTE-RELATED modified labeling of cigarettes. Their proposed new 
DISEASE, AND MODIFIED new cigarette label included a warning statement; 
LABELING OF CIGARETTES categorization of nicotine yield; nicotine content; tar, 
nicotine, and CO deliveries (average and maximal); harmful additives; and 
information about factors affecting nicotine delivery. The use of a nicotine- 
yield category was intended to replace such marketing terms as "light" and 
"ultralight." These authors noted, "An additional strategy that could be used 
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