I Chapter 7 
II 
Figure 9 
Average urine mutagenicity and ratio of mutagenic activity to nicotine exposure for subjects in 
high-low yield (Group 1) and high-ultralow yield (Group 2) studies 
Group 1 Group 2 
^Indicates significant difference (p < .05, repeated measures analysis of variance) compared with own brand. 
“Indicates significant difference compared with high-yield cigarettes. 
Note: Despite lower ratios of tar and nicotine based on FTC testing for low- and ultralow-yield cigarettes, ratios of 
mutagenic activity to nicotine exposure were not different while subjects smoked high-, low-, or ultralow-yield 
cigarettes. Also, bars indicate standard error of the mean. 
Key: AUC^i^ = ratio of mutagenic activity to nicotine exposure; rev = revertant colonies: nic = nicotine; O = smoker's 
own brand; H = high-yield cigarettes (Camel): L = low-yield cigarettes (T rue); UL = ultralow-yield cigarettes 
(Cambridge or Carlton). 
Source: Benowitz et al., 1986b. 
Table 3 
Influence of intensity of smoking on tar-to-nicotine ratio, based on smoking machine studies 
Standard Yield Tar-to-Nicotine Ratio Under 
(mg) Different Smoking Conditions 
Group 
N 
Tar 
Nicotine 
Standard 
Moderate 
Intensive 
1 
4 
< 2 
<2 
9.2 
9.9 
11.1® 
II 
10 
2-5 
0.2 -0.5 
10.3 
11.7® 
12.2® 
III 
8 
5-10 
0.5 - 0.9 
11.3 
11.9 
12.6® 
IV 
9 
10-14 
0.8 - 1.0 
12.7 
13.3® 
12.4 
V 
5 
14-17 
0.9- 1.0 
15.7 
16.5® 
14.7 
“p <0.05 compared with standard smoking machine conditions. 
Key: N = number of brands tested. 
Source: Rickert et al., 1983. 
107 
