Chapter 12 
1 
estimate exposure, the differences that might be due to things other than 
number of puffs, and all the kinds of things we think a compensating smoker 
might do. 
DR. KOZLOWSKl: 1 think Dr. Rickert might be able to comment intelligently 
on that. 
DR. RICKERT: One of the things that we have done is to look at the yield of 
a cigarette in relationship to the color of the filter itself. We have established 
that there is an extremely good regression between the measured color 
characteristic of the filter and the FTC yield. We have done that on the 
smoking machine and for the actual filter on cigarettes. We have looked 
at yields under 87 different conditions to cover a wide range of potential 
behavioral conditions. And we have looked at the yields under those 
conditions and have looked at the relationship between that and color. 
And color of the filter is a very good predictor of yields under a wide variety 
of conditions. 
DR. HENNINGFIELD: 1 would just like to point out that the kinds of 
compensation that you see are consistent with what Dr. Zacny was talking 
about, the dynamic smoker, what 1 was talking about, the addicted and 
behavior-modified smoker. But it is also very similar to what you see in the 
animal laboratory, with addictive drugs like alcohol, sedatives, and opiates. 
What you see is that as you push the dose up, you get some downward 
compensation. As you decrease the dose, you get some upward. But it is 
within a boundary. It is rarely perfect, because as you increase the dose, the 
animals tend to get a little more drug. If you decrease the dose to a certain 
point, the behavior can kind of just fall apart and get very erratic. It just 
struck me how similar it was, what we see with animals and addictive drugs, 
and what you are seeing. 
DR. KOZLOWSKl: 1 agree. 
DR. HENNINGFIELD: It looks like a basic biological phenomenon, in other 
words. 
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i Ashton, H., Stepney, R., Thompson, J.W. Self-titration 
I by cigarette smokers. British Medical Journal 2: 357- 
I 360, 1979. 
I Benovvitz, N.L., Jacob, P., Jones, R.T., Rosenberg, J. 
I Interindividual variability in the metabolism and 
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Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 221: 
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Benovvitz, N.L., Jacob, P., Kozlowski, L.T., Yu, L. 
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I England Journal of Medicine 315: 1310-1313, 1986b. 
j 
Benovvitz, N.L., Jacob, P., Yu, L., Talcott, R., Hall, S., 
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Guyatt, A.R., Kirkham, A.J.T., Mariner, D.C., Baldry, 
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Psychopharmacology 99: 80-86, 1989. 
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