Section IV 
As shown in Tables 2 through 4, changing one parameter at a time 
produces substantial increases in yields, and when cigarettes were machine 
smoked at the average of the parameters used in Tables 2 through 4, as 
shown in Table 5, total particulate matter (TPM) yields were approximately 
doubled, and increases of 96 to 271 percent in the individual components 
were observed. 
TAR AND NICOTINE 
YIELD BY THE FTC 
TEST METHOD AND 
AMOUNTS DELIVERED 
TO SMOKER 
The issue of compensation has become a central concern in 
assessing intake of tar, nicotine, CO, and other constituents 
constituents of tobacco smoke, particularly with regard 
to cigarettes described as low tar and low nicotine. Various 
researchers have reported no correlation between cigarette 
brand yield and actual exposure and substantially higher relative exposures 
from low-delivery cigarettes than indicated by quantitative differences in 
stated yields (Rickert and Robinson, 1981). 
The current primary measurement of the carcinogenic potential of a 
cigarette is its tar yield. Kozlowski and colleagues (1980a) noted that tar 
yield depends in part on the number of puffs per cigarette and that a major 
factor in tar reduction has been reduced cigarette length, which results in 
fewer puffs per cigarette during standard FTC testing. Increasing the number 
of puffs can lead to substantial increases in tar yields. 
Table 2 
Effect of increased puff volumes on cigarette mainstream smoke under FTC conditions of puff 
frequency (60 seconds) and puff duration (2 seconds) 
Results 
35-mL 
Volume 
45-mL 
Volume 
Change (±%) 
From FTC 
Values 
55-mL 
Volume 
Change (±%) 
From FTC 
Values 
Cigarettes Smoked 
20 
20 
— 
20 
— 
Total Puffs 
152 
150 
-1 
150 
-1 
Puffs/Cigarette (average) 
7.6 
7.5 
-1 
7.5 
-1 
Total Volume Inhaled (mL) 
5,320 
6,750 
+27 
8,250 
+55 
TPM (mg) 
86 
95 
+10 
135 
+57 
TPM/Cigarette (mg) 
4.3 
4.7 
+10 
6.7 
+56 
TPM/Puff (pg) 
566 
633 
+11 
900 
+59 
Phenol/Cigarette (pg) 
12 
17 
+41 
23 
+92 
Glycerol/Cigarette (pg) 
327 
624 
+91 
1,000 
+206 
Catechol/Cigarette (pg) 
28 
28 
0 
43 
+54 
Hydroquinone/Cigarette (pg) 
23 
27 
+17 
41 
+61 
Nicotine/Cigarette (pg) 
378 
502 
+33 
713 
+88 
Neophytadiene/Cigarette (pg) 
15 
32 
+113 
39 
+160 
Palmitic Acid/Cigarette (pg) 
35 
63 
+80 
64 
+83 
C^g Acids/Cigarette (pg) 
33 
61 
+85 
55 
+67 
Key: TPM = total particulate matter. 
Source: Schlotzhauer and Chortyk, 1983. 
253 
