4 
Brought forward 
£1 10 
0 
Grubbing three times 
0 10 
0 
Weeding canes and hoeing maize 
1 0 
0 
Trashing twice 
3 0 
0 
Cutting canes 
1 10 
0 
Conveying canes to the road 
1 10 
0 
Cartage to the mill yard ... 
1 O 
0 
£10 0 
0 
From that deduct 10 bushels of 
maize at 3s 
1 10 
0 
£8 10 
0 
(Thbee.) 
Manufacture of Three Tons of 
Sugar in 
Jamaica. 
17 Men at 3d. ner clarifier 
£1 17 
6 
2 Men at 4d. ditto 
0 6 
8 
6 Women at 2d. ditto 
0 10 
0 
£2 14 2 
(Thkee.) 
Manufacture of Three Tons of Sugar in 
Queensland. 
11 Men at 5s. per day ... ... £2 15 0 
Firewood 0 10 0 
£3 5 0 
The value of the sugar in Jamaica i* about 
£18 per ton ; in Queensland, £35. 
The following year, when the canes were 
rattoons, the cost per acre would be — in 
Jamaica £2, in Queensland £3, trashing alone 
being required. The cutting and manufacture 
would be the same as before stated. 
It may seem strange to those who have been 
constantly in the habit of seeing horses used in 
keeping the ground clean among maize, cotton, 
&c., when I state that, although in attending to 
my duty as an engineer I have been on most 
of the sugar estates in Jamaica, I never sa^ a 
grubber or cultivator of any description, neither 
did I ever see a plough used to clean the canes : 
the hoe is the universal implement. In all 
books on sugar cultivation the use of the 
plough is so strongly urged that one would 
think that ploughs were quite common ; but 
such is not the case in the present Jamaica 
practice. 
Some account of the experimental manu- 
facture of sugar at Cleveland may be 
interesting : — 
In April, 1864, I ground 5,000 gallons of 
cane-juice from Bourbon canes — density, 
7 degrees by Beaume’s saccharometer j from 
that I got little or no sugar — it would 
not crystallise. The result of that boil- 
ing did not lead me co suspect anything 
wrong with the canes, since it was evidently 
not the proper time to cut the canes ; the juice 
was very weak, and it was the first trial of the 
works. I did not again start the mill until 
September following, when I ground 5,000 
gallons of ribbon cane-juice, density 10| degrees 
Beaurne. From that I obtained three tons of 
dry sugar. As those cane3 were grown on 
rather less than one acre of land, the result was 
as satisfactory as anyone could wish. None of 
that sugar was sent to market ; as I had not 
then got the centrifugal machines, I had not 
the means of making it look as well as the 
ordinary sugars in the market, and if I had 
sold it, it would only have been necessary to 
have bought more for my workmen. 
In September, 1865, I ground 2,800 gallons 
of Bourbon cane-juice, density 10 degrees, which 
gave no sugar ; but as these canes had had three 
days of very heavy rain on them after they 
were cut, I thought the rain might have spoiled 
them, but still I thought that the canes were 
not what they ought to be. 
I next ground 1,000 gallons of ribbon cane- 
juice, from which I got 1,000 lbs. of very good 
sugar. There seemed to be room for improve- 
ment in the colour of the sugar, therefore in 
boiling 2,000 gallons of ribbon cane-juice in 
October, I made' an alteration in the process j 
the result was that the colour was improved 
but the proportion of sugar to juice was not 
quite so good. 
I next ground 3,000 gallons of Bourbon 
cane-juice, under very favourable circum- 
stances, but still the proportion of sugar to 
juice was so very small, that I felt quite con- 
vinced that there was some foreign matter in 
the juice, which prevented the sugar from 
crystallising. I, therefore, before grinding any 
more, tried a great many experiments on a 
small scale, which although they did not enable 
me to find out exactly what the foreign matter 
was, these experiments enabled me to see how I 
could do so on a larger scale. 
In November I ground 10,000 gallons from 
the Bourbon cane. Then by removing the 
juice from the open boilers, at a density of 
25 degress instead of at 30 as is usual, and by 
keeping the temperature of the Bour pan 
below 160 degrees, instead of 185 degrees as i3 
usual, I succeeded in depositing in the Bour 
pan large quantities of the substance I will now 
show. The sugar now crystallised a great deal 
better, but still not so well as to make me wish 
to have anything more to do with Bourbon 
canes, grown in Queensland red soil. Some of 
this substance was sent to Sydney, and the 
chemist who analysed it reported that it was 
pure sulphate of lime with a trace of vegetable 
matter. 
In December I ground 1,200 gallons of juice 
from Bourbon rattoon canes ; and, strange to 
say, there was no sign of the troublesome 
sulphate of lime ; it gave 1,000 lbs. of the best 
looking sugar I had then made. The plant 
seemed to have exhausted the soil of the 
sulphate of lime in its first growth. But I 
fear that if the land were ploughed and 
replanted, the canes, would find sulphate 
of lime for many years to come. When the Hon. 
F. E. Bigge sent his canes to be ground, he 
engaged a man to boil the sugar who had had 
