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o For inoculation or sampling, sterilization of all 
LINES WITH STEAM, BEFORE AND AFTER TRANSFER. 
o Use of double steam seals for agitators 
o Use of an alarm system for any leakage to the 
ATMOSPHERE, 
o Multiple filtration of any exhaust air (a) cyclone; 
(b) coalescent filter; (c) two sterile filters in series. 
o Chemical or thermal kill at the finish of any operation; 
o Implantation of batch sample in culture, after sterili- 
zation OF THE BATCH. 
o Continuous monitoring of all exhaust systems, after 
FILTRATION. 
o Use of closed systems for inoculation or sampling, 
o Incorporation of redundancy in operating protocols. 
o Thorough indoctrination of operators, not only in 
procedures, but in recombinant DNA background, 
o Continuous medical surveillance of all operators, 
Any industrial process can be hazardous if carelessly 
carried out. However, use of such precautionary steps has 
REDUCED HAZARDS, EITHER OF STANDARD FERMENTATION TECHNIQUES 
OR RECOMBINANT DNA FERMENTATION PROCESSES, TO A VERY LOW 
LEVEL. 
Dangers of large-scale fermentations, using organisms or 
ENZYMES VIA RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNIQUES, ARE SIMILAR TO THE DANGERS, 
IF ANY, MET AT A LABORATORY SCALE, HlTH PROPER PHYSICAL AND 
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