Tab A - Page 43 
Zacharlassen and Hammel , 1976). Many insects can supercool to very low 
temperatures (less than -20° C) (Salt, 1961). However, since most of these 
species must supercool to survive, factors that decrease the supercooling 
capacity of these insects would reduce their survival. Feeding has been shown 
to decrease supercooling capacity (Salt, 1953, 1958, 1961, 1966a, b; 1968). 
Ice nucleatlon usually has been associated with undigested food in the gut. In 
fact, the supercooling point of insects was found to decrease with an 
increasing number of nucleating particles in the Insects (Salt, 1979). There 
Is circumstantial evidence that leaf-surface ice-nucleatlon-actlve bacteria may 
play at least a partial role in the limitation of supercooling of leaf-feeding 
Insects. Analogous to plant frost survival, the presence of INA* bacteria 
would be detrimental to survival of frost-sensi tlve Insects and possibly 
beneficial to frost-tolerant Insect species. (T) 
To the extent the field test is successful and the modified INA" bacteria 
prevent INA* bacteria from growing on treated plants, the opposite effect may 
occur; that is, frost sensitive insects that feed on the leaves that are 
sprayed might have a better chance of survival. Given the small numbers of the 
modified bacteria expected to leave the test plot In relation to naturally 
occurring INA* and INA’ bacteria, however, the modified bacteria would not 
change whatever balance exists between INA* and INA’ bacteria in the area 
outside the test plot. In any event, insect populations in the area are 
systematical ly controlled by application of pesticides to the more than 90 
percent of land In Tulelake Basin under agricultural production. (X) Thus, 
any effect that the INA’ bacteria would have on Insects in the area would be 
insignificant, being limited to the relatively small number of insects that 
would feed on the small number of plants sprayed with the modified INA’ 
40 
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