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evolutionary concerns should not be dismissed lightly and such 
potential impacts should be studied. 
Another issue raised by genetic engineering is the 
possible societal obligations that could be incurred. As 
biotechnology advances and the ability to reduce genetic defects 
develops, the question of what society owes to children and 
future generations will need to be addressed. The burden that 
genetic diseases imposes on its victims and on societal resources 
may cause genetic treatments to be mandated. There is already a 
history of involuntary blood transfusions ordered by the courts 
when physicians conclude this necessary to prevent serious harm 
to the fetus. 
Fi ally, the manipulation of genes that play an 
important role in regulating human growth processes or contribute 
to personality or intelligence could have an impact on 
individual's psyches. Genetic engineering might possibly provide 
quicker, more elective and easier means of making important 
psychological improvements in people suffering from mental 
illness. However, there is also the possibility that improving 
human traits through genetic engineering could lead to change in 
human nature. In this way, rDNA technology may help solve the 
controversy of nature versus nurture, but contribute unwittingly 
to a permanent change in the nature of humans. 
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