9 
cases some form of control has been adopted, but nowhere has the 
research been totally banned. The United Kingdom and Canada have 
issued guidelines that differ in detail but are similar conceptually 
to the NIH Guidelines. Other countries are generally following the 
NIH or U.K. Guidelines, including Denmark, the Netherlands, France, 
the German Federal Republic, Israel, Sweden, and Switzerland. The 
European Science Foundation (ESF) has endorsed the U.K. Guidelines; 
the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) has endorsed use 
of either the U.K. or the NIH Guidelines; and the International 
Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and the World Health Organization 
(WHO) have urged nations to adopt the principles that these two sets 
of guidelines embody. 
As of the summer of 1977, there were an estimated 150 research 
projects using recombinant DNA techniques under way in Europe, 300 in 
the United States, and perhaps 20-25 altogether in Australia, Japan, 
and the Soviet Union. All appear to be conducted under some form 
of safety practices and procedures. 
A number of national and international activities foster the 
monitoring of recombinant DNA research for purposes of safety and 
health. In the United Kingdom, the government's Health and Safety 
Executive will be responsible after October 1978 for ensuring that 
the standards of the U.K. Genetic Manipulation Advisory Group (GMAG) 
are followed in matters relating to safety of employees and the 
general public. The GMXG, consisting of representatives from the 
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