TILLAGE AND TILLAGE TOOLS 
39 
until weeds get a start, for cultivation will then be much 
more tedious and expensive. If attended to before the 
weed seeds have fully germinated it will usually be effec- 
tive. Figure 5 illustrates various types of hand hoes. The 
rake hoe is the best for light soils when used before the 
weeds have made a start, because it is an easy tool to use 
and leaves the surface in the best physical condition. The 
half-moon hoe is an excellent form to use where the 
plants are crowded. Square-bladed hilling hoes are pop- 
ular. The narrow, two-pointed hoe is adapted to crops 
such as beets and onions planted close together in the 
row. The Warren or heart-shaped hoe is of value in 
opening furrows for seed sowing. 
73. Weeding. — Weeders are divided into three classes: 
FIG. 7. DIFFERENT FORMS OF HAND WEEDERS 
Motor, horse, and hand weeders. Horse weeders are 
useful in cultivating sweet corn, potatoes and a few other 
crops for a brief period after planting. They reduce the 
cost of tillage, especially if the soil is light and easily 
worked. Some hand weeding is usually necessary in 
growing beets, onions, carrots and many other closely 
planted crops. An implement somewhat similar to a 
wheel hoe, known as the Bruner weeder, has been de- 
