376 
THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA 
following year, and will always make double the growth 
the season after planting, all other things being equal, 
than plants of the same character obtained and planted 
direct from a commercial nursery some distance away. 
There is practically nothing gained in any case by using 
trees above three years old. Of course, all kinds of trees 
can be grown upon the estate from seed, but unless a 
very large quantity is required or there is some special 
reason, this procedure is scarcely worth while so long as 
seedlings can be so inexpensively obtained from firms 
making a specialty of this kind of stock. 
Too great care cannot be exercised in protecting the 
roots and keeping them moist during the process of 
transplanting; those of conifers are especially liable to be 
killed by only a short exposure to sun and wind. The 
average loss in forest planting should not exceed one per 
cent in the case of plants from a nursery upon the. estate. 
Undergrowth in the form of shrubs should have every 
encouragement and increased by planting in suitable po- 
sitions where necessary. This not only helps the trees 
by keeping up a ground cover and preserving the forest 
floor, but increases the beauty and interest attached to 
the woodlands. To this latter end species should be 
planted in natural bold groups and selected for their ef- 
fectiveness as regards their foliage, flowers and fruit at 
various times throughout the year. 
The earliest floral eiifects are produced by the Spice 
Bush (Benzoin aestivale"), with its attractive mass of 
yellow flowers. Its leaves are aromatic and ttirn a beau- 
tiful clear yellow in the autumn, making a pleasing con- 
trast with the scarlet fruit. Each of the Dogwoods has 
some special trait to commend it, those with red and 
yellow bark being especially valuable for winter effect. 
All the native Viburnums should have a place, the maple- 
leaved species being very brilliant in the autumn. 
Neither the black nor red berried Elders should be omit- 
ted, if only for the sake of the birds, who should be 
thought of by increasing the number of berried shrubs 
as much as possible. These latter greatly multiply the 
woodland beauties after the fall of the leaf, and among 
them the deciduous Hollies are conspicuous, the one 
known as Ilex verticillata carrying its fruit well into 
spring. Both this and the Ilex monticola prefer a rather 
moist situation. Most of these shrubs require more or 
less sun, but the Rhododendrons. Kalmias, Azaleas, 
Andromedas, Dendriums, etc., afi'ord a wealth of ma- 
terial for our purpose in dealing with shaded situations. 
Considering the fact that Rhododendrons and their 
allies are among the easiest things to transplant success- 
fully it is to be regretted that so many hundreds have, all 
over the country, failed, owing to even moderately suit- 
able conditions not having been supplied them ; this with- 
out considering similar results which have happened in 
connection with gardens. If it is worth while paying a 
•dollar or more each by the carload for them, surely time 
and money should not be considered wasted if expended 
in supplying them with a little suitable soil, provided such 
be wanting in the position in which it is desired to place 
them. 
A reliable and comparatively inexpensive method of 
naturalizing these in quantity under forest conditions is 
to plant seedlings. These can, or could recently, be ob- 
tained at fifteen cents each by the thousand. By using 
plants of this nature they will invariably find sufficient 
suitable soil in positions that have been practically always 
in forest, and the annual fall of leaf will from year to 
year produce the necessary humus for their support as 
they grow in size. What in this connection is of equal 
importance is that a nursery grown seedling will have 
little trouble in fitting itself to a new environment, com- 
pared with that entailed upon a more or less large clump 
that has been literally torn from ideal surroundings. Of 
course, this method entails waiting a few years for re- 
sults in the form of flowers. 
An additional means of increasing the natural charms 
of the forest is by encouraging the growth of and adding 
to the numerous and beautiful native species of the class 
of plants known as perennials. Many of these, if of 
foreign origin and costing a considerable sum to obtain, 
would receive far more appreciation than they do even in 
our gardens. 
There is no position capable of supporting vegetation 
at all which cannot be beautified by their use : dry sandy 
banks and swamps, and full sun or dense shade. It does 
appear necessary to attempt mentioning their names, as 
they may be stated as being too numerous to mention. 
In using native plants for naturalizing, the main point 
to have in mind is to use those that fit the position rather 
than making the position fit the plant, although very often 
something can be done along the latter line for the sake 
of introducing on to the estate a rare plant not already 
growing there. For instance, that lovely Orchid, the 
Cypripedium spectabile, will only grow upon a bog. If 
there is a small spring upon the place it is easy to create 
an environment in which this plant will thrive, and cer- 
tainly no trouble is too great to cause it to do so. There 
are also many others of the most attractive and interest- 
ing members of our native flora that makes their home 
upon bogs. In this and in other ways there is unlimited 
scope for, what we may call, natural gardening, in con- 
nection with woodlands. In the case of manv species 
their introduction and increase may be carried out by 
means of seeds. 
The only way one can really see much of the thousand 
beauties of forests is by walking or riding about them. 
For this purpose trails may be made leading through or 
to some special beauty spot or objects of interest, either 
natural or created. Perhaps there is a grand monarch 
of the woods in the shape of an old White Oak, for in- 
stance, which has managed to escape the lumberman's 
axe, that can be opened up and surrounded with a minia- 
ture park planted with flowering subjects growing as 
nature intended they should ; a pile or cliff of picturesque 
rocks, still further beautified by planting among, may be 
lead to ; then there may be a position from which by 
opening a vista an extended panorama of the surround- 
ing country can be obtained ; a charming sylvan glade 
may exist capable of having its natural beauties intensi- 
fied, which will make a desirable spot through which to 
meander on a hot day ; and so on. 
In making a trail up the side of a hill and which, to 
obtain an easier grade, is laid out in a winding manner, 
care should be taken not, as is sometimes seen, to make 
it after the style of a fire escape down the side of a 
building, thereby producing an eyesore and discordant 
note. It should wind at a graceful curve and no two 
angles of the curves nor the length of the trail in the 
different directions should be the same, so as to avoid 
the appearance of artificiality as much as possible. 
Upon some estates there are possibilities for the laying 
out of hard, smooth roads for the use of carriages and 
automobiles. These, while giving limited opportunities 
for admiring the forest scener}' and means of access to 
various parts, may be overdone from the point of view 
of the game and other shy and rare birds which will be 
driven away if there is a more or less continual passage 
of automobiles through the woods. 
It is along these trails and drives that the purely orna- 
mental side of forestry should be carried out and intensi- 
fied, and the more or less commercial planting relegated 
