492 Oaks of the state of JVew York. 
oak, yellow oak, rock chestnut oak, dwarf chestnut oak, willow 
oak, black scrub oak, black oak, red or scarlet oak, pin oak, red 
oak. The trees are chiefly valued for their timber and bark, and 
the shrubs for their fruit. 
Of all the arborescent species found in our state, the white oak 
is most deserving of notice, and its cultivation may be recom- 
mended as an object of primary importance. It is extensively 
employed in ship-building, and for strength and durability it holds 
the very first rank. It is well fitted for staves, which constitute 
an important article of export. Time would fail to enumerate 
the various other uses to which this timber is applied. 
Considering the remarks made concerning the white oak as 
applying also to the swamp white oak, the next in importance is 
the rock oak, which is not surpassed by any other for fuel, and 
which may also be converted to most of the uses of the white 
oak. 
The black oak is highly valuable for its bark, which furnishes 
the quercitron of commerce. 
Should this country continue to be a commercial one, the cul- 
tivation of the more strong and durable species of this genus, will 
eventually become a matter of necessity. In England the price 
of ship-building advanced 100 per cent, in less than 100 years, 
and until some provision was made it was computed that there 
was not timber enough in the island to keep the navy in repair. 
In the United States, too, according to Seybert, the price of ship 
timber for ship building increased on an average 10 per cent, from 
1800 to 1810. 
The immense amount of timber used for ship-building, may be 
judged of by the fact stated in Sinclair's Code of Agriculture, that 
a 74 gun ship requires 3000 loads of wood, the produce of 50 
acres, each tree standing a rod or 33 feet apart. 
Sufficient has now been said to show the importance of an 
attention to the cultivation of our useful species of oak. I have 
neither the time nor the ability to point out the details of the 
manner in which this subject should be pursued, but I trust it will 
ere long receive the notice of patriotic individuals, and of our na- 
tional and state legislatures. — JV. Y. Farmer. 
There are two distinct objects to be regarded in the cultivation 
of forest trees, their pecuniary value as fuel and timber, and their 
uses as ornaments, screens and shades. The cultivation in the two 
cases must be quite different; yet we suppose the first steps must 
in all cases be the same. The land on which the seed is to be 
sown, or the young trees planted, must for many years be culti- 
vated while the plants are growing, in order that they may make 
any show at all, even in 20 years. Without cultivation they will 
grow but very slowly. After the acorns are sowed, or the trees 
