124 CHOICE CARNATIONS, ETC. [November, 
PRIMROSES, POLYANTHUS, AND DAISIES 
That were planted in a sheltered spot, as directed last 
month, should have a frame placed over them, and their 
covering in readiness for the approach of winter; giving the 
plants a light covering of leaves, which will preserve their 
foliage from the effects of frost. 
CHOICE CARNATIONS, PINKS, PANSIES, AND AURICULAS, 
That are in pots, should be placed in the frame intended 
for their abode during winter. If the pots are plunged to 
the rims in dry leaves or sawdust, it will greatly protect their 
roots from the severe effects of frost. Where glass is used 
for these frames, they should have besides a covering of 
boards or straw mats ; those that are in beds may be covered 
as above directed for Primroses, &c. 
They ought not to be uncovered while in a frozen state. 
It is not altogether the intensity of cold that destroys these 
plants so much as the alternate thawing and freezing. 
All half-hardy plants, such as Wallflower^ German 
stocks, Sweet-bay, tender roses, with several others, should 
be protected as above directed for Carnations. Earth or tan 
should be put round the outside of these frames, which will 
be a partial shelter from the changing state of the atmo- 
sphere. Oak leaves answer the purpose very well, but they 
are a harbour for all kinds of vermin, especially rats and 
mice, which would destroy everything. It may be useful 
to say a few words on the nature of tan or tanners' bark. 
Many suppose that the smallest quantity will produce heat. 
If three or four cart-loads of it are put into one heap, and 
protected from the rain, it will ferment ; and when the first 
fermentation is abated, by mixing it with leaves, a substan- 
tial hot-bed may be made, or put it by itself into a pit; and 
when there is no pit, boards may be substituted to keep it 
together : either of these methods will produce a lasting 
heat. But in small quantities, and exposed to rain, &c, no 
heat will be produced, but rather the contrary. It is excel- 
lent, when dry, in keeping out frost from any plants; being 
a body not easily penetrated, similar to dry sand, sawdust, 
