54 THE NURSERY. [Jan. 
should also be placed in rows four feet asunder, and eighteen inches 
distance in the rows, varying the distance both ways according to 
the time they are to standj the shrub kind should likewise be 
arranged in rows about two feet asunder, and fifteen or eighteen 
inches distant in each line; and as to herbaceous plants, they should 
generally be disposed in four feet wide beds, or large borders, in 
rows, or distances from six to twelve or eighteen inches asunder, 
according to their nature of growth and the time they are to stand. 
By the above arrangement of the various sorts of hardy trees, 
shrubs and herbaceous plants, in rows at those small distances in 
the nursery, a great number of plants are contained within a nar- 
row compass, which is sufficient room, as they are only to remain 
a short time; and that by being thus stationed in a little compass 
they are more readily kept under a proper regulation for the time 
they are to remain in this department. 
But in the public nurseries they often plant many kinds of seed- 
ling trees and shrubs in much closer rows at first planting out than 
the distances above prescribed, not only in order to husband the 
ground to the best advantage, but by standing closer it encourages 
the stem to shoot more directly upward, and prevents them expand- 
ing themselves much any where but at top; as for instance, many 
sorts of evergreens that are but of slow growth the first year or 
two, such as the pine trees, firs, and several others, which the 
nursery gardeners often prick out from the seminary, first into four 
feet wide beds, in rows lengthways, six inches asunder; and after 
having two years' growth there, transplant them in rows a foot 
asunder; and in two years after give them another and final trans- 
plantation in the nursery, in rows three feet asunder, as observed 
above; and by these different transplantings it will encourage the 
roots to branch out into many horizontal fibres, and prepare them 
better for final transplantation, which is the more particularly 
necessary in several of the pine and fir kinds and several other 
evergreens. 
With respect to the different methods of planting the various 
sorts of nursery plants, after being raised either by seed, layers, 
cuttings, &c., it is performed in several ways to different sorts; 
some are pricked out by dibble, especially small seedlings, others 
are put in by the spade, either by trenches, slitting-in, trenching, 
or holing, and some are drilled in by a spade or hoe. 
As to most of the tree and shrub kind, sometimes the young 
seedling-trees and shrubs are pricked out from the seminary by 
dibble; sometimes they are put in by the spade in the following 
method: first, having set a line to plant by, strike the spade into 
the ground with its back close to the line, and give another stroke 
at right angles with it, then set a plant into the crevice made at the 
second stroke, bring it close up into the first made crevice even 
with the line, and press the mould close to it with the foot, then 
proceed to plant another in the same way, and so proceed till all 
are planted. A second method is for plants with rather larger roots; 
strike the spade down with its back close to the line, as aforesaid, 
and then with a spade cut out a narrow trench close along the line, 
