March.] THE VINEYARD. 233 
fill up with fresh earth previous to planting; for it seldoni happens, 
without this management, that young trees thrive, when planted 
where old disordered ones stood. 
If the orchard is much exposed to winds, it will be proper to 
stake the new planted trees to support them in their proper posi- 
tions, and secure them from being rocked to and fro thereby, which 
would greatly retard their rootings — placing one or two strong tall 
stakes to each tree; but in large trees, the most effectual method 
is to have three stakes to each, placed in a triangle, meeting at top 
near the head of the tree, wrapping a hay-band around that part of 
the stem, to prevent its being barked by the stakes or tying; then 
tie the stakes at top close to the tree, with some proper bandage, 
bringing it close about the stem and stakes together, over the hay- 
wrapping, to secure the tree firmly in an erect posture. 
If your young orchard is laid down with grass, no cattle should 
be turned into it to graze at large; unless each tree is previously 
well secured with posts and railing, otherwise they will bark the 
trees, to their very great injury, and eat off" the tops of such of their 
young shoots as they can reach; nor should large cattle be turned 
into any orchards where the branches of the trees are yet low and 
within their reach. 
Where great quantities of fruit are wanted, large avenues of 
apple, pear, peach and cherry trees, &c. may be extended across 
neighbouring fields, which will render them pleasant, and produce 
abundance of fruit; or there may be single rows planted to surround 
fields, &c. which will be found extremely profitable, if in an honest 
neighbourhood. 
You may now plant the boundaries of large orchards with 
English walnuts and Spanish chestnuts; these will not only afford 
you an abundance of fruit, but protect the trees in general from 
the power of tempestuous winds. A small quarter of the orchard 
may be allotted to filberts, mulberries, medlars, berberries, &c., 
and this is a proper time for planting them. 
For the method of raising and propagating all kinds of fruit trees, 
&c., see the Nursery for this and the preceding month; and also 
Jidy. 
THE VINEYARD. 
The Vitis vinefera, or common wine-yielding Vine, is a native 
of the warmer regions of Asia: it is found to be most successful in 
the temperate climates, or between the 30th and 50th degrees of 
north and south latitudes. 
It is cultivated in the greatest perfection in the Island of Madeira, 
lat. 32° North; and in every part of Europe as far North as the 
fiftieth degree of latitude; also at the Cape of Good Hope, about lat. 
33° 50' South, as well as in every corresponding parallel in Asia and 
2F 
