252 THE NUkSERY. [March. 
Observe, that the stocks to be grafted, if intended for dwarf- 
trees, for espaliers or walls, must be headed down to within five or 
six inches of the ground^ but if for full standards, they may be 
headed and grafted at five or six feet high, or in fact, at any height 
you please, even at the surface of the ground, but more particularly 
apples and pears; for you can afterwards train the graft on a single 
clean stem, as high as you like, and then top it, to cause it to throw 
out side branches for forming a head; this is the best method to 
treat stunted or ill formed stocks, but is not necessary for those that 
are well thriven and straight, for by it you would lose a year of 
their growth, as you can immediately form the head from the graft 
when inserted at a proper height; for dwarf and half standards, you 
may head and graft at the height of two, three, or four feet. 
There are various methods of grafting in practice; such as whip- 
grafting, cleft-grafting, crown grafting, side-grafting, root-grafting 
and grafting by approach or inarching; but the two former are in 
more general use among experienced gardeners, particularly the 
first, as being every way preferable to any other, when the stocks 
are under an inch in diameter. 
First, by Whip- grafting. 
This kind of grafting is that most commonly practised in nur- 
series, as being both the most expeditious and successful, and may 
be performed upon smaller stocks than any other; for it is effected 
with the greatest success upon such as are from about half an inch 
or less, to near an inch in diameter: the method of performing the 
work is this: 
Having the cions or grafts, knife, bandages, and clay ready, 
then begin the work by cutting off the head of the stock at some 
clear smooth part thereof; generally performing this by one clean 
slanting cut upwards, so as to form a slope on one side about an 
inch and a half or two inches in length, and make a notch or small 
slit from near the upper part downwards, a little better than half an 
inch long, to receive the tongue of the cion; then prepare the cion 
by cutting it to five or six inches in length, preferring the lower 
or thick part, and cutting the bottom end on one side also, in a 
sloping manner, the length of, and to fit the slope of the stock, as if 
cut from the same place, that the rinds of both may join as nearly 
as possible in every part, as if you were splicing a fishing-rod; but 
when the stock is much larger than the cion, this cannot be done so 
exactly, unless you insert it on the opposite side of the stock to the 
slope; however, that will not be necessary, provided you join the 
rinds or bark of both, so as to fit neatly on either edge or side of the 
slope; then make a slit upwards in the slope of the cion, so as to 
form a sort of tongue to fit that made in the slope of the stock, 
which insert therein, so that the rinds of both may join together 
exactly, at least on one side, and immediately tie the parts together 
with a ligature of bass, &c. bringing it in a neat manner several 
times around the stock and graft, moderately tight, and fastened 
accordingly. 
