March.] THE NURSERY. 291 
All kinds of seedlings should be transplanted in spring, the de- 
ciduous earlier than the evergreens. 
October or November is tlie best time for the ^naZ transplant- 
ing of all kinds of hardy deciduous trees, if the ground in which 
they are to be planted is dry, and not subject to become too wet in 
winter^ but early spring planting does best in moist soils. 
Evergreens of every kind succeed best when planted in spring, 
provided it be done to each respective kind immediately before its 
vegetation commences. 
Watering is very useful when given in small quantities and fre- 
quently: but the reverse when in large quantities, and but seldom. 
Every kind of tree, whether deciduous or evergreen, grows to a 
larger size when finally planted out at the age of four years, having 
remained one or two in the seed-bed, and two or three in the nur- 
sery-rows, than at any other subsequent period. 
Walnuts, oaks, and every other tree that has a tendency to drive 
down perpendicular or to tap roots, always grow to larger timber 
when the seeds are sown where intended to remain, and never 
transplanted. 
Propagation of Trees and Shrubs by Cuttings. 
Various trees and shrubs may be propagated by cuttings, and this 
month, especially in the middle states, is a good time for planting 
all the hardy deciduous and evergreen kinds that grow in that way, 
observing to plant the former in the early part of the month, and 
the latter towards the end of it. 
When you intend to propagate trees for timber, or for a tall 
stately growth, be very particular never to take the cuttings from 
horizontal branches, for they will never have an inclination to grow 
in a spreading manner; always make choice of perpendicular shoots, 
and particularly those that terminate the branches; these will most 
certainly produce the straightest and handsomest trees, and be little 
inferior to those raised from seed; of this I have had ample expe- 
rience, and found it uniformly to be the case. 
But when you intend the plants for hedges, wildernesses, or 
thickets, the same precaution is not necessary; though in propa- 
gating any kinds of erect growing shrubs for detached plants in 
the pleasure-garden, I would recommend it, as they will be less 
subject to spread and injure other herbaceous flowering plants 
growing near them. 
Large slioots cut into lengths, are often used, and will do tole- 
rably well, provided they are selected as above; but I would ever 
prefer what gardeners term cock-shoots, or those retaining the ter- 
minating buds. The soft and pithy sorts will succeed better with 
having an inch or two of the former year's wood annexed to the 
cuttings, but all the hard wooded kinds are much better without it. 
For this purpose dig one or more beds or shady borders, &c. 
where the ground is somewhat mellow and not wet; let the earth 
be well broken with the spade, and rake the surface smooth. 
Take off the cuttings with your knife from the trees or shrubs 
