332 THE KITCHEN GARDEN. [Aprii,. 
weeds. In November the haulm being decayed, cut it off, and then 
draw three or four inches of earth over the crowns of the plants; 
this may be performed either with the plough or hoe, and let them 
remain so all winter. 
The second year in the beginning of April, the earth on the top 
of the rows should be scuffled over and raked, to destroy the young 
weeds, and make the surface smooth and mellow, as well as to 
permit the rising buds to shoot freely. 
The second summer the same care must be taken of the mad- 
der as the first, and nothing planted between the rows; and in 
November, the crowns of the roots are to be covered as in the 
preceding year. Some lay down the haulm, and cover it with 
earth, for the greater protection of the roots; but this is a very 
pernicious practice, for it in a little time becomes mouldy, and 
seldom fails to communicate this to the crowns, which materially 
injures them, and consequently the whole roots. 
The madder roots should never be taken up till they have had 
three summers' growth; and the culture of the third is the same 
as of the second year during the spring, summer and autumn. 
In the September or October of the third year, when the haulm 
is perfectly decayed, the roots are carefully taken up and dried, 
first for a few days in the air; they are afterwards put on a kiln, 
and dried eftectually with a slow heat; after which, it is pounded 
by stampers, kept in motion by a mill or wheel, which is turned 
by either water, wind or horses, then sifted and packed up in 
casks, as hard as possible. 
Madder may be cultivated from seeds by sowing them in rows, 
as directed for the plants; observing to sow three or four seeds 
where a plant might be expected, and cover them a little better 
than half an inch deep; when grown an inch or two, pull out the 
weakest, and leave the best to remain, at proper distances, for full 
growth. 
Those who are desirous of further information on this subject, 
may consult Martyn's edition of Miller's Gardener's Dictionary. 
Fullers Teasel. 
The Bipsucus fullonum , or Fuller's teasel, is cultivated in great 
quantities in the west of England, for raising the nap on woollen 
cloths, by means of the crooked awns upon the heads; which in the 
wild sort are not sufliciently hooked. For this purpose they are 
fixed around the circumference of a large broad wheel, which is 
made to turn around, and the cloth is held against them. The 
heads are collected in August, as soon as they begin to turn brown, 
and exposed daily to the sun till they become perfectly dry; care 
being taken to protect them from rain. 
This plant is propagated by sowing the seed either in March or 
April, upon a soil that has been well ploughed, and it is observed, 
that good wheat land is well adapted for the production of teasels. 
The ground being ploughed and made fine, from one peck to two of 
seed is generally sown upon an acre, and harrowed in with a light 
