March.] THE ORCHARD. 233 
pushes it roots beyond this, they must enter into the bad and un- 
friendly soil, which will not fail to bring on the decay of the most 
healthy tree, and can never afford it suitable juices for perfecting 
delicious fruit; besides the lodgment of water about the roots in 
this confined bason, in wet seasons, will cause the tree to become 
sickly, and to get overrun with moss, and full of canker. 
When the holes are all ready, proceed to planting, placing a tree 
in each, having its roots trimmed as before, one person holding the 
stem erect, whilst another casts in the earth, previously breaking it 
small; let it be settled in equally between all the roots, by gently 
and frequently shaking the tree a little up and down, which will 
cause the mould to settle in close about all the small roots and 
fibres; and also to raise the tree gradually up, that the crown of the 
roots may not be more than about three or four inches below the 
general surface even in the deepest soil. When the hole is filled 
up, tread it gently, first round the outside, then near the stem of 
the tree; forming the surface a little hollow, to admit of giving 
water, if found necessary, with more convenience; and if on the 
top of all is laid some inverted turf, to the width of the holes, form- 
ing it into a sort of circular bank, it will support the tree, and guard 
the roots from powerful heat, drought and parching winds; observ- 
ing that each tree stands perfectly upright, and that they range ex- 
actly in their proper rows. 
Should the earth be rather shallow, so that you cannot cover the 
roots a sufficient depth with good soil, you must have some hauled, 
for that purpose, to where each tree is to be planted, or collected to 
such places, from the general surface, and bank the roots around 
therewith; for there is no alternative, between planting them in the 
good soil, where their roots can take a wide extended horizontal di- 
rection, and lie within the reach of the genial influence of heat, 
rain, dew and air, and that of an untimely end, if planted too deep. 
When you desire to remove large trees, of any kind* the best 
method will be, to open trenches about their roots, immediately pre- 
vious to the setting in of the frosts, leaving as much earth around 
them, as you think can be conveniently moved or carried with the 
trees, cutting at a proper distance the large wide spreading roots, 
and leaving only as many uncut as are sufficient to prevent their 
being blown down; when you find the earth sufficiently bound by 
the frost, work in under, and take them up with the balls, place 
them on a sled, and so carry them to their place of destination: 
previous to planting, smooth all the wounded parts, and prune or 
thin their tops, in proportion to their loss of roots. 
When a defect in an old Orchard, is to be supplied, it will be neces- 
sary, to take away the earth where the old tree stood, to a proper 
depth, and to the extent of a circle of ten feet in diameter, which 
fill up with fresh earth previous to planting; for it seldom happens, 
without this management, that young trees thrive, when planted 
where old disordered ones stood. 
If the Orchard is much exposed to winds, it will be proper to 
stake the new planted trees to support them in their proper posi- 
tion, and secure them from being rocked to and fro thereby, which 
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