56 THE NURSERY. [Jan. 
becomes very crooked, in which case it may be proper to cut it 
down low in spring, and it will shoot out again; training the main 
shoot for a stem, with its top entire for the present, till grafted or 
budded. 
But in the above nursery culture of the fruit tree kind, some sorts 
designed for principal wall or espalier trees, should, when of one 
years' growth from grafting and budding, be transplanted against 
some close fence in the nursery, either a wall, paling, or trellis, &c. 
and their first graft or bud-shoot headed down in the spring, to pro- 
mote an emission of lower lateral shoots and branches, in order to 
be regularly trained to the fence in a spreading manner for two 
years' or more, or till wanted, whereby to form the head in a regu- 
lar spreading growth for the intended purpose of garden-trees, 
which in the public nurseries in particular, should always be ready 
in proper training to supply those who may wish to have their es- 
paliers, &c. covered as soon as possible by means of such ready 
trained trees. 
A similar training, both for wall and espalier fruit trees, may be 
practised to some principal sorts in the nursery-rows in the open 
quarters of ground, by arranging their branches in a spreading man- 
ner, to stakes placed for that purpose. 
But for standard fruit trees, they should be trained with a clean 
single stem, five or six feet for full standards, by cutting off all 
lateral shoots arising below; half standards trained with a three or 
four feet stem, and dwarf standards in proportion, by the same 
means; and as to the heads of the standards, it may be proper, in 
some, to have the first immediate shoots from the graft or bud when 
a year old, pruned short in spring, to procure several laterals; in or- 
der to form a fuller spread of branches, proceeding regularly toge- 
ther from near the summit of the stem, that the head may advance 
in a more regular branchy growth. 
Forest trees, in general, should be encouraged to form straight 
clean single stems, by occasional trimming of the largest lateral 
branches; which will also promote the leading top-shoot in aspiring 
straight, and faster in height; always suffering that part of each tree 
to shoot at full length, that is not to top it, unless, however, where 
the stem divides into forks, to trim off the weakest, and leave the 
straightest and strongest shoot or branch to shoot out at its proper 
length to form the aspiring top, as above. 
The different sorts of shrubs may either be suffered to branch 
out in their own natural way, except just regulating very disorderly 
growths; or some may be trained with single clean stems, from 
about a foot, to two or three high, according as you shall think 
proper with respect to the sorts, or the purposes for which you design 
them in the shrubbery; but many shrubs appear the most agreeable 
when permitted to shoot out laterally all the way, so as to be 
branchy or feathered to the bottom. 
Each species of fruit trees, as soon as grafted or budded, should 
have all its different varieties numbered by placing large fiat-sided 
sticks at the ends of the rows, for which purpose some Nursery- 
