April.] THE KITCHEN-GARDEN. 33 1 
April, immediately before planting, taking care every time, to plough 
il as deep as possible. 
The time of planting is about the latter end of April, or immedi- 
ately when the young buds begin to appear above ground, or as 
soon as possible after. The young shoots are then taken from the 
sides of the mother plants, with as much root as possible, and are 
planted in rows three feet asunder, and, plant from plant, in the rows 
twelve inches distant; observing to plant each slip down to its top or 
crown. 
In the first year of planting madder, it is customary to plant kid- 
ney-beans, lettuces, or other low dwarf-growing crops, between the 
rows; but it is absolutely necessary, to keep the ground clean from 
weeds. In November the haulm being decayed, cut it off, and then 
draw three or four inches of earth over the crowns of the plants; 
this may be performed either with the plough or hoe, and let them 
remain so all winter. 
The second year in the beginning of April, the earth on the top 
of the rows should be scuffled over and raked, to destroy the young 
weeds, and make the surface smooth and mellow; as well as to per- 
mit the rising buds to shoot freely. 
The second summer, the same care must be taken of the mad- 
der as the first, and nothing planted between the rows; and in No- 
vember, the crowns of the roots are to be covered as in the pre- 
ceding year. Some lay down the haulm, and cover it with earth, 
for the greater protection of the roots; but this is a very pernicious 
practice, for it, in a little time, becomes mouldy, and seldom fails 
to communicate this to the crowns, which materially injures them, 
and, consequently, the whole roots. 
The madder roots should never be taken up, till they have had, 
three summers' growth; and the culture of the third, is the same 
as of the second year, during the spring, summer, and autumn. 
In the September, or October of the third year, when the haulm 
is perfectly decayed, the roots are carefully taken up, and dried, 
first for a few days in the air; they are afterwards put on a kiln, 
and dried effectually with a slow heat; after which, it is pounded 
by stampers, kept in motion by a mill or wheel, which is turned, 
by either water, wind, or horses, then sifted and packed up in 
casks, as hard as possible. 
Madder may be cultivated from seeds by sowing them in rows, 
as directed for the plants; observing to sow three or four seeds, 
where a plant might be expected, and cover them a little better 
than half an inch deep: when grown in inch or two, pull out the 
weakest, and leave the best to remain, at proper distances, for full 
growth. 
Those who are desirous of further information, on this subject, 
may consult Martyn's edition of Miller's Gardener's Dictionary. 
Fuller's Teasel. 
The Difisacus fullo?mm, or Fuller's Teasel, is cultivated in great 
quantities in the west of England, for raising the nap on woollen 
