JkN.] THE FRUIT GARDEN. 25 
For common espalier fruit-trees in the open ground, a trellis is 
absolutely necessary, and may either be formed of common stakes 
or poles, or of regular joinery work, according to taste or fancy. 
The cheapest, the easiest, and soonest made trellis for common 
espalier trees, is, that formed with straight poles, being cut inlo 
proper lengths, and driving tl>em into the ground, in a range, a 
foot distance, all of an equal height, and then railed along the top 
with the same kind of poles or slips of pine or other boards, nailed 
down to each stake, to preserve the whole straight and firm in a 
regular position; to which the branches of the espalier trees are to 
be fastened with small osier-twigs, rope yarn, &c. and trained along 
horizontally from stake to stake, as directed for the different sorts 
under their proper heads. 
To render the above trellis still stronger, run two or three hori- 
zontal ranges of rods or small poles along the back parts of the up- 
rights, a foot or eighteen inches asunder, fastening them to the 
upright stakes, either with pieces of strong wire twisted two or three 
times round, or by nailing them. 
But when more elegant and ornamental trellis's of joinery work 
are required in any of the departments, they are formed with re- 
gularly squared posts and rails, of good durable timber, neatly planed 
and framed together, fixing the main posts in the ground, ten or 
twelve feet asunder, with smaller ones between, ranging the hori- 
zontal railing from post to post, in three or more ranges; the first 
being placed about a foot from the bottom, a second at top, and one or 
two along the middle space, and if thought convenient, Biay range 
one between each of the intermediate spaces; then fix thin slips 
of lath, or the like, upright to the horizontal railing, ten inches or 
a foot asunder; and paint the whole with oil colour, to render it 
more ornamental and durable; and in training the trees, tie their 
branches both to the railing of the trellis, and to the upright laths, 
according as they extend in length on each side. 
In either of the above trellis's for a common espalier, five or six 
feet at most, is a sufficient height, as, if much higher, the winds, 
having great power, would be very apt to loosen and displace them. 
The permanent trellis's ought not to be made till the second or 
third year after planting, except the trees have had as long a time 
of regular and judicious training; for while they are young, it will 
be sufficient to drive a few short stakes into the ground on each side 
of the trees, in a straight line, to which the branches should be fas- 
tened in a horizontal position, as they are produced, in order to train 
them properly for the espalier; these will be sufficient for the two 
or three first years, for should you make the regular espalier or 
trellis the first year the trees are planted, many of the stakes would 
rot before the espalier is covered. For directions respecting the 
planting espalier and wall-trees, see March and October. 
Pruning Jipple and Pear Trees, in Espaliers, or trained to Walls 
or Board Fences. 
Apple and pear trees being of the spur-bearing kind, and their 
mode of bearing similar, one method of pruning answers for both; 
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