July.] THE KITCHEN-GARDEN. 433 
ber, and to be left in that rough state, to receive the benefits of the 
winter frosts, &c. In the April following, when it is perfectly dry, 
harrow it and let it lie so till the middle of May, when it should 
have another deep ploughing across, or contrarywise to the form- 
er; the first week in June harrow it, and towards the end of that 
month, give the field a light coat of well rotted manure, and im- 
mediately plough it in lightly; after which the soil and manure are 
to be well incorporated, by harrowing the ground efiectually with a 
weighty harrow. 
Ah! says the farmer, this will never do, the crop will not be 
worth the expense. — First, make one fair experiment, and I am con- 
fident you will not give up the pursuit: you ought to take into con- 
sideration, that after the turneps are off the ground, it will be in a 
high state of preparation for several successive crops, of various 
kinds, and that without this, or similar tillage, it may remain dur- 
ing your life in an unproductive state. 
There are four principal varieties of the turnep, which are culti- 
vated in the field way. 1. The white Norfolk. 2. Tlie large pur- 
ple topped. 3. The large green, and 4. The pudding? or tankard- 
shaped turnep. The last is in shape so perfectly different from 
the other sorts, that it might be ranked as a distinct species. In- 
stead of spreading itself flat upon the ground, or burying itself 
partially in the surface mould, it rises in a cylindrical form, eight, 
ten, or twelve inches high; standing almost wholly out of the ground. 
In either contexture or quality, it resembles very much the large 
white Norfolk turnep; of which it is by much the most formidable 
rival. Indeed for early sowing to be eaten off in autumn, this 
long rooted kind seems to gain a preference, as being earlier and 
more tender than any of the other sorts, but it will not keep as well 
in winter. 
The time of sowing depends much on the application; when 
turneps are intended for early consumption, they may be sown soon 
after the middle of this month; the' general mode, in the middle 
states, is, to begin to sow about the twentieth of July, and to continue 
sowing, as convenient, from this time to the middle of August, or 
a few days after. 
If a farmer could insure his first crop, I would not advise him to 
sow till the last four days in this n\onch, or even to the ihird or fourth 
day of August; but liable as the turnep crop is, to nunjcrous ac- 
cidents and miscarriages, it is prudent to have a week or two in re* 
serve for a second sowing, in case the first should fail. 
The quantity of seed sown on an acre, by the great turnep far- 
mers, is never less than one pound; more frequently a pound and a 
half, and by some two. If every grain was to come to perfection a 
quarter of a pound would be more than sufllicient, but having to en- 
counter so many accidents, a pound is the least quantity that ought 
to be sown on an acre. 
The period in which you intend to sow, being arrived, plough your 
prepared turnep ground once more, lightly; give it one or two 
strokes of the harrow all over, and sow the seed immediately on 
the fresh surface. The method of sowing is generally, by broad- 
3 I 
