Oct.] the vineyard. 531 
The subject of planting and propagating the vine, being treated 
of at full length in March, beginning at page 234, I refer you there- 
to for the necessary information. 
In the middle states, rooted vines may now be transplanted, if 
necessity requires it, but in no other case would I recon)mend it; 
and these should be protected by laying litter round their roots, 
or some other suitable defence from the severity of the frosts. 
Layers, however, may now be made with good prospects of suc- 
cess; and if you find it more convenient to procure cuttings, at this 
season than in spring, you may plant them; but observe that it 
will be necessary to cover them liglitly with straw, fern, leaves of 
trees, or some other light covering during winter, or many of 
them will miscarry. Though these plants are extremely hardy 
when once established, they are rather tender in their infancy, and 
every advantage of season ought to be afforded them, especially in 
those parts of the Union where the winters are severe. 
As to the practice of pruning grape-vines in autumn, it is not 
adviseable, except where the winters are very mild. In the 
soutliern states this may be done, with great propriety, as soon in 
this or the ensuing month as the foliage shall have been shed, but 
by no means before, as while the leaves remain on, the vines will not 
have done growing, and consequently the wood will not be sufficient- 
ly ripe and hard. 
For further observations, together with the methods of pruning, 
see page 147, 8cc. See also, the Vineyard for next month. 
Planting Willows for tying up the Grape-Vines, Sfc. 
In the latter end of this, or the early part of next month, you 
should make plantations of willows, for the purpose of tying up the 
vines with the small flexible twigs thereof. 
Osiers or willows are also very useful in a garden, for tying 
the branches of espalier trees to trellises, binding up lettuces, 
cabbages, endive, &c. for blanching, tying bundles of trees or shrubs, 
making garden baskets, 8cc. so that a small plantation, or hedge- 
row of willows would be very useful in every garden department. 
The kinds most suitable for this purpose are the Salia: viminalisy 
or true Osier; S. Jissu, or basket Osier; and S. vitillina, or Golden 
Willow. 
Willows of those kinds particularly, delight in low moist situa- 
tions, (though they grow to good perfection in a strong loam) 
consequently, soil that is generally useless or of but little value, 
may be profitably occupied by them. Make choice of such ground 
and plough it deep, if possible, for the reception of the cuttings; 
if too wet for the plough, form it, with a spade and shovel, into 
four feet wide ridges with deep trenches between, casting up the 
earth out of the trenches to form the ridges high and rounding; 
in each ridge plant two rows of cuttings, each row a foot from the 
edge, and the sets two feet and a half distant from one another in 
the row. 
