194 
XLin. RUBIACEiE. 
[Rubia. 
long overlooked, depressed, abject, flowering early,” which 
Linnams himself selected as therefore most appropriate to 
transmit his name to posterity. Sm. 
1. L. borealis Gronov. ( two-flowered Z.) : E. B. t. 433. 
Woods in Scotland, especially of fir, more rarely in open rocky 
and mossy situations, chiefly in the counties of Perth, Forfar, In- 
verness, and Aberdeen. Rare and perhaps only naturalized to the 
south of the Tay ; hanks of the Esk, at Dalhousie. Hartburn, 
Northumberland. If.. 7. — Stems trailing, filiform, branched. Leaves 
opposite, broadly ovate, stalked, obscurely crenate. Peduncles axillary, 
long, erect, 2-flowered, or occasionally from luxuriance 3 — 4-flowered. 
Flowers fragrant, graceful, drooping ; pedicels, bracteas, involucre, 
globose germen, and calyx, all clothed with glandular hairs. 
Okd. XLIII. RUBIACEiE Juss. 
Calyx adherent with the ovary , entire or toothed at the 
margin. Corolla regular. Stamens inserted upon the corolla 
and between its divisions. Style 1. Ovary 1, with 2 or more 
cells. Embryo straight, surrounded by a horny albumen. 
Radicle inferior. — Leaves opposite with interpeliolar stipules, or 
whorled. — A most important natural family. All the species 
found in Europe belong to the group called Stellatce or Rubiacece 
proper, and have, besides the above characters, a 4 — 5-lobed 
corolla, valvular in aestivation, 4 — 5 stamens, a bipartite or 
bifid style, 2 capitate stigmas, a 2-celled 2-seeded pericarp, 
and slender herbaceous square stems with whorled leaves : 
their roots yield a dye. Those individuals having woody, or 
shrubby, rarely herbaceous stems, and opposite and stipuled 
leaves, afford Peruvian bark, in the various species of Cinchona ; 
gambeer, in Nauclea ; a febrifuge, in Condaminea and Ronde- 
letia ; powerful emetics, in Psychotria and Cephaelis, especially 
C. Ipecacuanha, which is the true or Brazilian ipecacuanha, in 
Spermacoce and Richardsonia : these, together with Coffea , the 
coffee-tree, &c., are natives of warm climates. 
1. Rubia. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft. Fruit succulent. 
2. Galium. Cor. rotate, 4-cleft. Fruit dry, not crowned with the calyx. 
3. Siierardia. Cor. funnel-shaped. Fruit dry, crowned with the 
calyx. 
4. Asperula. Cor. funnel-shaped. Fruit dry, not crowned with the 
calyx. 
1. Rubia Linn. Madder. 
Cor. rotate or campanulate or funnel-shaped, 4 — 5-cleft. 
Stam. 4 — 5. Fruit a 2-lobed berry. — Named from ruber, red ; 
from the red dye afforded by its species, especially Rubia tinc- 
torum, which produces the true madder, or Turkey-red of com- 
merce. 
