204 xl vi. composite. [Knautia. 
2. S. Columbaria L. ( small S.) ; corollas usually 5-cleft ra- 
diating, fruit subcylindrical with the depressions reaching to 
the base, limb of the involucel membranaceous entire patent 
about 20-nerved half the length of the fruit, stem hairy, radical 
leaves ovate crenate or lyrate, those of the stem pinnatifid with 
linear segments. E. B. t. 1311. 
Pastures and waste places, most abundant on the east coast. Rare 
in Scotland ; near Arbroath, with white fl. ; plentiful near Montrose, 
and at Blackford; Berwickshire. 1/. . 7,8. — Scarcely a foot high, 
hairy. Lower leaves on rather long foot- stalks ; cauline ones cut 
into narrow, linear, or setaceous pinnae. Flowers purplish-blue. In- 
volucre of narrow leaves, longer -than the flowers. 
3. Knautia Linn. Knautia. 
Receptacles hairy, without scales. Involucel with a 4-toothed 
minute limb. CV.-limb cup-shaped with radiating teeth. Stam. 
distinct, nearly equal. Fruit upon a short stalk, 4-angled, with 
4 pores or depressions. — Named in honour of Christopher 
Knaut, a botanist of Saxony, who flourished in the latter half 
of the 17th century. 
1 . K. arvensis Coult. (Field K.) : heads of many flowers, 
fruit crowned with very minute teeth, calyx with 8 — 16 some- 
what awned teeth. Scabiosa L. : E. B. t. 659. 
Pastures and corn-fields, frequent. It- 6 — 8. — Stem. 2 — 3 ft. 
high. Radical leaves lanceolate, slightly serrate, hairy. Heads of 
flowers large, convex, lilac-purple ; outer florets large, with the seg- 
ments unequal, so that the lower ones form a sort of ray around the 
head; inner florets with equal segments. 
Okd. XLVI. COMPOSITE Juts. (Tab. III. A., and 
Tab. IY. and V.) 
Calyx adherent with the ovary, the limb entire or toothed 
or mostly expanded into a pappus which crowns the fruit. 
Corolla regular or irregular, filiform or tubular or ligulate, very 
rarely wanting. Stamens 5 : anthers syngenesious in the perfect 
florets, furnished at the apex with a more or less evident ap- 
pendage, and at the base with 2 bristles or spurs, or without any 
(ecaudate). Ovary 1. Style 1, sheathed in the perfect florets 
by the tube of the anthers, bifid at the apex when fertile. 
Stigmas forming two longitudinal rows along the inner sur- 
face of each branch of the style. Fruit an achene tapering to 
a beak, or without one, with a small or large epigynous disk. 
Seed erect, without albumen. Embryo straight. Radicle next 
the hilum. — Stems, in the British genera, herbaceous. Leaves 
opposite or alternate. Flowers or florets collected into a head 
