213 
Sonchus .] xl vi. composite: cichoracete. 
leaves glabrous lyrate sagittate at the base, terminal lobe very 
large deltoideo-hastate. Sonclius caeruleus E. B. t. 2425. 
Rocky places, near rivulets. Loch-na-gar and Clova mountains, 
and in their vicinity. % . 7,8. — Flowers blue. 
9. Sonchus Linn. Sow-thistle. 
Achenes much compressed, without a beak. Pappus pilose. 
liecept. naked. Invol. imbricated, with 2 — 3 rows of unequal 
at length connivent scales, tumid at the base, few-flowered. — 
Named aoyxoe in Greek ; perhaps from <rop<pog, hollow , in allusion 
to the hollow stems. 
* Root perennial. 
1. S. palustris L. ( tall Marsh S .) ; heads corymbose, pe- 
duncles and involucre glandular-hispid, leaves clasping the 
stem with long acute sagittate auricles, lower ones runcinato- 
pinnatifid with few segments, upper ones entire, stem simple, 
rhizome branched but scarcely creeping. E. B. t. 935. 
Marshy places, rare. Isle of Ely ; Greenwich ; Blackwall ; 
Croydon; Wouldham, Kent. 7/.. 7, 8. — Stem 6 — 8 feet high. 
Flowers large yellow. 
2. S. arvensis L. ( Corn S .) ; heads corymbose, peduncles and 
involucre glandular-hispid, leaves denticulate clasping the stem 
with short obtuse auricles, lower ones sinuato-runcinate, upper 
ones oblong-lanceolate entire, stem simple, rhizome extensively 
creeping. E. B. t. 674. 
Corn-fields, frequent. If. 8,9. — Stems 3 — 4 ft. high. Flowers 
very large yellow. 
** Root annual. 
3. S. oleraceus L. ( common annual S .) ; head subumbellate, 
involucre glabrous, leaves undivided or pinnatifid toothed, lower 
ones stalked, upper ones lanceolate clasping the stem with 
spreading sagittate auricles, fruit longitudinally ribbed and 
transversely rugose. — a. leaves divided. E. B. t. 843. — / 3 . 
leaves entire. 
Waste places and cultivated ground, common. Q. 6 — 8. — Stem 
2 — 3 ft. high. Flowers small yellow. Involucre conical when in seed. 
4. S. aser Hoffm. ( sharp-fringed annual S .) ; heads subum- 
bellate, involucre glabrous, leaves undivided or pinnatifid 
sharply toothed all lanceolate clasping the stem with rounded 
auricles, stem branched, fruit longitudinally ribbed without 
transverse wrinkles. — a. leaves undivided. E. B. S. t. 2765. — 
/3. leaves divided. E. B. S. t. 2766. 
Waste places and cultivated ground, common. ©. 6 — 8. — 
Perhaps a mere variety of the last. 
