234 xl vi. composite: cynarocephalte. [A'rctium. 
16. A'rctium Linn. Burdock. 
Achenes 4-sided. Pappus short, pilose. Receptacle chaffy. 
Involucre globose, the scales with an incurved hook at the point. 
— Name: apurog, a bear; from the coarse texture of the in- 
volucres. 
1. A. Lappa L. ( common B.)\ leaves cordate stalked. — a. 
majus; heads large usually corymbose and long-stalked. ( — 1. 
heads usually webbed closed in fruit, scales shorter than the 
llorets. A. Bardana E. B. t. 2478. A. tomentosum Pers. — 
2. heads usually glabrous open in fruit, scales longer than the 
florets. A. majus Sclik). — j3. minus ; heads racemose. ( — 1 . heads 
subsessile closed in fruit, scales as long as or longer than the 
florets. A. intermedium Lange. — 2. heads shortly stalked 
slightly contracted at the mouth in fruit, scales shorter than 
the florets. A. Lappa E. B. 1. 1228. A. minus Schk. — 3. heads 
on longish stalks open in fruit, scales as long as the florets. 
A. pubens Bab.) 
Waste places and way-sides, common, g . 7, 8. — Three feet or 
more high. Radical haves very large and often slightly toothed. 
Involucre with hooked scales, which fasten themselves most pertina- 
ciously to clothes and the coats of animals. These scales are some- 
times glabrous, and occasionally have a more or less abundant cottony 
substance interwoven with them in some of our varieties; the length of 
the scales and form of the head afford very unsatisfactory characters 
for species. Mr. Babington in Ann. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1858, p. 351, pro- 
poses other marks of difference taken from the petioles of the radical 
leaves, but which we deem of even less value. 
17. Serratula Linn. Saw-wort. 
Achenes obovate, compressed, glabrous. Pappus persistent, 
pilose, hairs filiform in several rows, of which the interior is the 
their mouth, and by the style not being swollen below its branches. Examples of 
the present group will be seen at 
Tab. IV. A. Fig. 1. Head of flower of Carduus , with the spreading uniform 
tubular florets within the involucre. 
Fig. 2. represents the involucre cut through vertically, to show the receptacle, 
upon which are a great number of bristles, all the florets being removed from the 
receptacle but one. 
Fig. 3. A floret from the receptacle, showing at the base the ovary or germen, 
crowned by the pappus or limb of the calyx, within which is the tubular corolla, 
inflated below the mouth, and including the stamens and swollen style, with its 
brandies and stigmas. 
Fig. 4. Summit of the style, showing the swelling (in this instance clothed by a 
circle of hairs) AM but fig. 1. more or less magnified. 
Tab. IV. B. Fig. 1. Head of flowers of the genus Centaurea, with the spreading 
tubular florets, of two kinds, within the involucre. 
Fig. 2. Floret from the centre. At its base is the germen or ovary and pappus ; 
within the latter is the corolla, tubular, regular, perfect (having stamens and pis- 
tils), inflated below the mouth, and including the stamens and style, the latter 
swollen just below its branches. 
Fig. 3. Floret from the circumference, neuter (having neither stamens nor pis- 
tils). At its base is an abortive germen (no pappus), upon which is seated the 
tubular 5-cleft, but somewhat irregular corolla. 
F'ig. 4. Fruit of No. 2. with its pappus All but fig. 1. more or less magnified. 
