Carduus.'] xlvi. composite: cynarocephalje. 235 
longest. Receptacle chaffy, the scales split into linear bristles. 
Involucre oblong, imbricated with straight unarmed scales 
Filaments papillose : anthers with a short blunt appendagi 
ecaudate at the base. — Name: serrula, a little saw ; which the 
margins of the leaves represent. 
1. S. tinctdria L. ( common S.) ; dioecious, leaves entire or 
pinnatifid, involucral scales glabrous or slightly connected 
with a cobweb-like down, outer ones ovate adpressed, inner 
linear coloured. E. B. t. 38. 
Thickets and pastures. Not indigenous in Scotland. Jf. 8. — 
Stem 2 — 3 ft. high, branched, stiff. Leaves usually pinnatifid or 
lyrate, and finely serrate, sometimes entire and without serratures, 
as in Appley Wood, I. of Wight, Miss Taten. Flowers purple. — 
It dyes cloth yellow. 
18. Saussurea De Cand. Saussurea. 
Achenes glabrous. Pappus double, sessile ; exterior of short 
rough bristles ; inner feathery, deciduous. Receptacle bristly 
or chaffy. Involucre imbricated with unarmed scales. Fila- 
ments smooth : anthers with long acute appendages at the apex, 
and ciliate or woolly seta; at the base. — Named in honour of 
the two Saussures, father and son. 
1. S. alpxna DC. ( alpine S.)-, leaves flat cottony beneath 
lanceolate upper ones quite entire, those of the root ovato- 
lanceolate toothed stalked, heads few densely corymbose, invo- 
lucre villous subcylindrical, scales adpressed, the outer ones 
shorter, anther-bristles ciliate. Serratula L. : E. B. t. 599. 
Moist alpine rocks. Snowdon. The Lake district. Saddleback, 
Dumfriesshire ; frequent on the Highland mountains of Scotland. 
P . 8. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high, erect, simple, woolly. Leaves few 
upon the stem. Flowers rather large, purple. 
19. Carduds Linn. Thistle. (Tab. IV. A.) 
Achenes glabrous. Pappus equal, pilose (not feathery), ses- 
sile, united by a ring at the base and deciduous. Receptacle 
bristly. Involucre imbricated with spinous pointed scales. 
Anthers ecaudate. — Name : from the Celtic and Gaelic card , a 
card for combing wool, for which the involucre of some of the 
species may have been employed; and this again from ard, in 
Celtic, a point ; whence also apcoc, in Greek, arduus , ardeo , &c. 
in Latin. 
* Filaments distinct, hairy ; anther - appendages subulate. Eucarduus. 
1. C. nutans L. {Musk T.) ; leaves decurrent sinuate spi- 
nous, heads hemispherical solitary drooping, scales of the in 
volucre lanceolate, outer ones spreading. E. B. t. 1112. 
Waste ground in dry, stony, or chalky soils. $. 5 — 10. — Stem 
2 — 3 ft. high, not much branched, cottony, interruptedly winged. 
