238 xlvi . composite: cynarocephal^e. \_Cmcus. 
adpressed nearly glabrous, root csespitose of elliptical tapering 
fleshy knobs. E. B. t. 2562. 
Great-ridge wood, near Boyton, on the Wiltshire downs. Be- 
tween St. Donat’s and Dunraven, Glamorganshire : Mr. Westcornbe. 
Penhill, parish of Stratton St. Margaret’s, 2 m. from Swindon : Mr. 
Woodward. U . 8, 9. — The Glamorganshire plant is said (Phyt. 
iv. 519) to be probably C. Woodwardii of Hewitt Watson, a species 
founded on the Penhill specimens; but we have seen no description, 
and do not possess specimens from any of the localities. 
7. C. pratensis Willd. ( Meadow P .) ; creeping, leaves soft 
mostly radical cauline ones sessile lanceolate waved at the edge 
or pilose above cottony beneath fringed with minute prickles, 
heads mostly solitary globose terminal slightly cobwebbed, scales 
lanceolate closely imbricate mucronate. Carduus Huds.: E. 
B. t. 177. Cirsium Anglieum Lam. 
Low wet pastures. Rare in Scotland ; Isla and Arran. 2/ . 
6 — 8. — About 1 — 2 ft. high. It is not always easy to distinguish 
this from the last species : the leaves in C. tuherosus are however 
usually deeply pinnatifid, here they are only sinuate or with small 
2 3-cleft lobes. The true C. Forsteri Sm. is now allowed to be a 
hybrid between this species and C. palustris, having “ leaves slightly 
decurrent pinnatifid spinous downy beneath, stem panicled hollow, 
involucre ovate rather cottony, outer scales spinous,” and the stems 
3 — 4 ft. high, several from the crown of the root, which is emspitose. 
Only single specimens have been here and there observed, particu- 
larly in Sussex. Perhaps other hybrids occur, inclining sometimes 
more to the one parent, sometimes more to the other; but what are 
usually so called in herbaria are, according to Mr. H. Watson, luxu- 
riant specimens of C. pratensis itself. 
8. C. acaulis Willd. ( dwarf P.) ; stem almost none or short, 
leaves nearly all radical glabrous lanceolate-oblong pinnatifid, 
lobes somewhat trifid spinous-toothed, heads mostly solitary, 
involucre obovate-cylindrical glabrous, scales adpressed acute 
scarcely mucronate, outer ones ovate inner gradually longer. 
Carduus L. : E. B. t. 161. — 0 ? stem much branched, with 
several heads. C. dubius Willd. P 
Frequent and destructive in dry gravelly or chalky pastures, in 
some parts of England, as Dorsetshire and Norfolk. — 0. Saffron 
Walden, Essex: Mr. G. S. Gibson. 2/.. 7,9. — With 0. we are 
not acquainted ; only one plant was found : in cultivation the stem- 
less plant occasionally exhibits a slightly branched stem, but Mr. 
Borrer supposes the 0. to be a hybrid between C. acaulis and C. 
arvensis. In the usual form the leaves spread close to the ground; 
from their centre arises one sessile head of purple flowers. 
[C. oleracens is said to have been gathered “wild in Lincolnshire 
by the late Mr. Cole of Bourne, about 1823,” but seems to have 
disappeared : it is in no way allied to any of our British species, and 
can have no claim to be indigenous.] 
