420 lxxxyii. CONiFEKiE. \_Juniperus. 
bearing two inverted ovules on the upper surface. Seeds 2 on 
each scale, crustaceous, terminated by a long winged appendage. 
— Name: pin or pen, in Celtic, means a head, or a prominent 
crag, or mountain ; the pine delighting to grow in such places. 
— From the great diversity of forms in this genus, attempts 
have been made to subdivide it; but the only certain characters 
for the new genera depend on the scales of the cones, and on 
the form, position, and perennial nature of the leaves; we 
therefore retain it entire. 
1. P. sylvestris L. ( Scotch F.) ; leaves long and narrow rigid 
evergreen fascicled by pairs all round the branch, cones ovato- 
conical young ones stalked recurved as long as the leaves 
generally in pairs, scales with a small deciduous point below 
the summit where they are at length thickened, anther-scale 
shortly prolonged beyond the cells which open longitudinally. 
E. B. t. 2460. 
Highlands of Scotland, where it constitutes vast natural forests, 
b . 5,6 . — A tree of great value, but only so when in a natural state 
and in a congenial soil : it yields the red or yellow deal. P. sylvestris 
and P. Pinaster, though not aborigines, are becoming established by 
spontaneous dissemination over the vast moorlands and bog-tracts of 
West Hants and Dorset. 
II. Ovules erect; foramen superior. Pollen-grains globose ; the 
outer coat easily ruptured by moisture and cast off. Ccpres- 
siNEiE Br. 
2. Juniperus Linn. Juniper. 
Mostly diceeious. — Barren jl. in minute catkins ; scales sub- 
peltate, with 3 — 6 anther-cells opening longitudinally. — Fertile 
Jl. in a minute few-flowered cone ; scales closely imbricate, 
lowest ones dry and empty, upper 3 bearing an erect ovule at 
their base on the upper surface. Seeds usually 3 (1—3), bony, 
wingless, enclosed within the 3 enlarged fleshy upper scales of 
the cone, resembling a terry. — Name: probably from the Celtic 
uaine, green, and bior, a prickle, on account of the evergreen 
prickly foliage ; or from jeneprus Celtic, rough : Theis. 
1. J. communis L. (common J .) ; leaves 3 in a whorl linear 
mucronate keeled as long as or longer than the fruit.— a. altior ; 
erect, leaves spreading linear-subulate nearly twice as long as 
the fruit. E. B. t. 1100. — f3. nana; small procumbent, leaves 
linear-lanceolate imbricate about as long as the fruit. J. nana 
Willd.: E.B.S.t. 2743. 
Woods and heaths, frequent. — /3. Abundant in the mountains of 
Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, and on low ground in the northern 
parts, h . 5, 6. — A shrub, extremely variable in size, bearing nume- 
rous linear, mucronate, and pungent leaves. Flowers axillary, small. 
Berries bluish-black. 
