32 
ORDERS OF LINNJEUS. 
The 17th class, Syngenesia, has its five orders distinguished 
by different circumstances of its florets, as, 
1. Eciualis.* Stamens and pistils equal , or in proportion; that 
is, each floret has a stamen , a pistil, and one seed. Such 
florets are called perfect. 
2. Superflua. Florets of the disk perfect, of the ray containing 
only pistils, which without stamens are superfluous. 
3. Frustranea. Florets of the disk perfect, of the ray neutral, 
or without the stamen or pistil ; therefore frustrated, or 
useless. 
4. Necessaria. Florets of the disk staminate, of the ray pistil- 
late ; the latter being necessary to the perfection of the 
fruit. 
5. Segregata. Florets separated from each other by partial 
calyxes, or each floret having a perianth. 
The orders of the 18th class, Gynandria, of the 19 class, 
Moncecia, and the 20th class, Dioecia, like the 15th and lGth 
classes, depend on the number of stamens. 
The orders of the 21st class, Cryptogamia, constitute six nat- 
ural families. 
1. Filices, — includes all Ferns having the fruit on the back 
of the leaves. 
2. Mdsci, — M osses. 
3. Hepaticae, — Liverworts, or succulent mosses. 
4. Algae,— Sea-weeds, and frog spittle. 
5. Lichenes, —Lichens, found growing on the barks of old 
trees, and on old wood. 
0. Fungi, — Mushrooms, mould, blight, &c. 
No confusion is produced in thus taking the character of some 
classes, for orders in other classes ; for example : if you have a 
flower with ten stamens, united by their filaments into one set, 
you know by the definition of the classes that it belongs to the 
class Monadelphia, you can then, because it has ten stamens, 
place it in the order , Decandria. 
Having in succession exhibited the artificial classes and orders, 
we will now place them both before you, in a synoptical or 
general view. 
* The term Polygamia is omitted on the authority of Nuttall 
Of the class Syngenesia — Of the classes Gynandria, Moncecia and Dice- 
cia — Of the class Cryptogamia. — 
