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CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS. 
Class vii, Crustacea , contains animals without blood, with 
jointed limbs fastened to a calcareous crust ; they breathe by a 
kind of gills. 
Class viii, Archnida, contains spider like animals without 
blood, jointed limbs, without horns; they breathe by little open- 
ings, which lead to organs resembling lungs, or by little pipes 
distributed over the whole body ; these do not pass through any 
important change of state as insects do ; they have mostly six 
or eight eyes, and eight feet, and feed chiefly on living animals ; 
examples of this class are the spider and scorpion. 
Class ix, Insecta, or insects, without blood, having jointed 
limbs and horns ; they breathe by two pipes, running parallel 
to each other, through the whole body ; they have two horns ; 
they are mostly winged, having one or two pairs, a few are 
without wings ; mostly with six feet. They possess all the 
senses which belong to any class of animals, except that of hear- 
ing. The winged insects pass through several changes or met- 
amorphoses. 
The Butterfly is first an egg ; this when hatched is long and 
cylindrical, and divided into numerous rings, having many short 
legs, jaws, and several small eyes ; this is the larvar commonly 
called caterpillar. At length it casts off its skin and appears in 
another form without limbs. It neither takes nourishment, 
moves, nor gives any signs of life ; this is called chrysalis. 
At length, by examining it closely, the imperfect form of the 
butterfly may be seen through the envelope ; this it soon bursts, 
and a perfect butterfly appears. When about to pass into the 
chrysalis state, of which they appear to have warning, the in- 
sect selects some place where it may repose safely during its 
temporary death.* The silk worm spins its silken web to wrap 
itself in, and this web is that, from which all our silks are made. 
Fourth Grand Division. — Radiated Animals. 
Class x. Zoophiles , or animal plants. Here we find the 
lowest beings in the animal kingdom. Some of the orders of 
this class contain animals which have neither heart, brains, 
nerves, nor any apparent means of breathing. These are some- 
times called animal plants ; many of them, as the corals, are 
fixed to rocks and never change place ; others, as the sea-ane- 
mone , grow upon rocks, having a kind of stem, like a flower ; 
some are attached by a kind of root to the bottom of the sea ; 
* May not this be considered as a lesson to man to anticipate and pro- 
vide for the change in his existence, which his bodily infirmities, and his 
daily observation, teach him is to be his own lot. 
Metamorphoses of insects — Fourth division containing- one class. 
